Seasonally adjusted youth unemployment rate was 20.1%, employment rate was 33.4%

Seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-24 age group, (%), October 2021

55.4% of seasonally adjusted employment was in the services sector

Seasonally adjusted composite measure of labour underutilization rate realized as 22.8%

Seasonally adjusted supplementary labour force indicators, October 2019-October 2021

Unemployment rate realized as 10.7%, employment rate realized as 47.2%

The rate of unregistered employment in the non-agricultural sector was 18.1%

The next release on this subject will be on January 10, 2022.

Employment rate realized as 44.1%

The number of employed persons decreased by 733 thousand to 27 million 707 thousand persons in the period of September 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. The employment rate occurred as 44.1% with 2.0 percentage point decrease.

In this period, the number of agricultural employment decreased by 350 thousand persons, industry decreased by 29 thousand persons and services decreased by 520 thousand persons while construction increased by 166 thousand persons. According to the distribution of employment by sector; 18.5% was employed in agriculture, 19.9% was employed in industry, 6.3% was employed in construction and 55.3% was employed in services.

Labour force participation rate realized as 50.5%

The number of persons in the labour force realized 31 million 724 thousand persons with 1 million 282 thousand persons decrease in the period of September 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. Labour force participation rate was 50.5% with 3.0 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15 + age, (Thousand), September 2019, September 2020

The rate of unregistered employment realized as 32.2%

The ratio of persons working without any social security relating to the main job occurred 32.2% with 3.8 percentage point decrease in the period of September 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. The rate of unregistered employment realized as 20.3% with 3.3 percentage point decrease in the non-agricultural sector compared to the same period of the previous year.

For 15-64 age group, unemployment rate realized as 12.9% and employment rate realized as 49.0%

For the 15-64 age group, the unemployment rate occurred as 12.9% with 1.2 percentage point decrease and non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 15.0% with 1.5 percentage point decrease compared to the same period of the previous year. In this age group, employment rate occurred as 49.0% with 1.8 percentage point decrease and labour force participation rate occurred as 56.2% with 2.9 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-64 age group, (%), September 2019, September 2020

Youth unemployment rate realized as 24.3%, employment rate realized as 31.6%

The youth unemployment rate between aged 15-24 years realized as 24.3% with 1.8 percentage point decrease and the youth employment rate realized as 31.6% with 2.4 percentage point decrease compared with the same period of the previous year. In the same period, labour force participation rate realized as 41.8% with 4.2 percentage point decrease. The rate of neither in employment nor in education realized as 29.1% with 0.5 percentage point increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-24 age group, (%), September 2019, September 2020

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 12.7%, employment rate realized as 43.3%

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 12.7% with 0.4 percentage point decrease. The number of unemployed persons decreased by 125 thousand to 3 million 944 thousand persons.

Seasonally adjusted employment rate realized as 43.3% with 0.3 percentage point increase. The number of employed persons estimated as 27 million 200 thousand persons with 226 thousand persons increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate was 49.6% with 0.1 percentage point increase. The number of labour force estimated as 31 million 144 thousand persons with 101 thousand persons increase.

According to the seasonally adjusted number of employment by sectors, employment in agriculture decreased by 37 thousand persons while industry increased by 57 thousand persons, construction increased by 15 thousand persons and services increased by 191 thousand persons.

Employment by sectors, September 2018 – September 2020

The next release on this subject will be on January 11, 2021.
                                                                                                                                                                                                   
EXPLANATIONS
In the period of September 2020, results published in this press release includes 31^st-44^thweeks period including  August, September and October 2020.

The number of unemployed persons aged 15 years old and over decreased by 152 thousand to 4 million 101 thousand persons in the period of June 2020 in Turkey compared with the same period of the previous year. The unemployment rate occurred as 13.4% with 0.4 percentage point increase. Non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 15.9% with 0.6 percentage point increase.

Employment rate realized as 42.4%

The number of employed persons decreased by 1 million 981 thousand to 26 million 531 thousand persons in the period of June 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. The employment rate occurred as 42.4% with 4.0 percentage point decrease.

In this period, the number of agricultural employment decreased by 274 thousand persons, industry decreased by 319 thousand persons, construction decreased by 91 thousand persons and services decreased by 1 million 298 thousand persons. According to the distribution of employment by sector; 19.3% was employed in agriculture, 20.0% was employed in industry, 5.8% was employed in construction and 55.0% was employed in services.

Labour force participation rate realized as 49.0%

The number of persons in the labour force realized 30 million 632 thousand persons with 2 million 134 thousand persons decrease in the period of June 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. Labour force participation rate (LFPR) was 49.0% with 4.3 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15 + age, (Thousand), June 2019, June 2020

The rate of unregistered employment realized as 31.3%

The ratio of persons working without any social security relating to the main job occurred 31.3% with 3.9 percentage point decrease in the period of June 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. The rate of unregistered employment realized as 18.9% with 4.3 percentage point decrease in the non-agricultural sector compared to the same period of the previous year.

For 15-64 age group, unemployment rate realized as 13.7% and employment rate realized as 47.1%

For the 15-64 age group, the unemployment rate occurred as 13.7% with 0.4 percentage point increase and non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 16.0% with 0.6 percentage point increase compared to the same period of the previous year. In this age group, employment rate occurred as 47.1% with 4.0 percentage point decrease and labour force participation rate occurred as 54.5% with 4.4 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-64 age group, June 2019, June 2020

Youth unemployment rate realized as 26.1%, employment rate realized as 28.2%

The youth unemployment rate between aged 15-24 years realized as 26.1% with 1.3 percentage point increase and the youth employment rate realized as 28.2% with 6.0 percentage point decrease compared with the same period of the previous year. In the same period, labour force participation rate realized as 38.1% with 7.4 percentage point decrease. The rate of neither in employment nor in education realized as 29.3% with 3.1 percentage point increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-24 age group, June 2019, June 2020

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 14.3%, employment rate realized as 41.6%

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 14.3% with 0.2 percentage point increase. The number of unemployed persons increased by 136 thousand to 4 million 330 thousand persons.

Seasonally adjusted employment rate realized as 41.6% with 0.6 percentage point increase. The number of employed persons estimated as 26 million 36 thousand persons with 431 thousand persons increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate was 48.6% with 0.9 percentage point increase. The number of labour force estimated as 30 million 366 thousand persons with 567 thousand persons increase.

According to the seasonally adjusted number of employment by sectors, employment in agriculture increased by 36 thousand persons, industry increased by 25 thousand persons, construction increased by 141 thousand persons and services increased by 230 thousand persons.

Employment by sectors, June 2018 – June 2020

The next release on this subject will be on October 12, 2020.
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
EXPLANATIONS
In the period of June 2020, results published in this press release includes 18^th-30^thweeks period including May, June and July 2020.

The number of unemployed persons aged 15 years old and over decreased by 331 thousand to 3 million 826 thousand persons in the period of May 2020 in Turkey compared with the same period of the previous year. The unemployment rate occurred as 12.9% with 0.1 percentage point increase. Non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 15.2% with 0.2 percentage point increase.

Employment rate realized as 41.4%

The number of employed persons decreased by 2 million 411 thousand to 25 million 858 thousand persons in the period of May 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. The employment rate occurred as 41.4% with 4.7 percentage point decrease.

While the number of agricultural employment decreased by 308 thousand persons, industry decreased by 274 thousand persons, construction decreased by 206 thousand persons and services decreased by 1 million 622 thousand persons. According to the distribution of employment by sector; 18.8% was employed in agriculture, 20.4% was employed in industry, 5.2% was employed in construction and 55.6% was employed in services.

Labour force participation rate realized as 47.6%

The number of persons in the labour force realized 29 million 684 thousand persons with 2 million 742 thousand persons decrease in the period of May 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. Labour force participation rate (LFPR) was 47.6% with 5.3 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15 + age, (Thousand), May 2019, May 2020

The rate of unregistered employment realized as 29.7%

The ratio of persons working without any social security relating to the main job occurred 29.7% with 4.7 percentage point decrease in the period of May 2020 compared with the same period of the previous year. The rate of unregistered employment realized as 17.4% with 5.4 percentage point decrease in the non-agricultural sector compared to the same period of the previous year.

Public sector employment increased as 4.3%

According to data gathered by Presidency of Strategy and Budget, total public sector employment realized as 4 million 767 thousand persons with 4.3% percentage point increase in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of the previous year.

For 15-64 age group, unemployment rate realized as 13.2% and employment rate realized as 45.9%

For the 15-64 age group, the unemployment rate occurred as 13.2% with 0.1 percentage point increase and non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 15.3% with 0.2 percentage point increase compared to the same period of the previous year. In this age group, employment rate occurred as 45.9% with 4.8 percentage point decrease and labour force participation rate occurred as 52.9% with 5.4 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-64 age group, (%), May 2019, May 2020

Youth unemployment rate realized as 24.9%, employment rate realized as 26.6%

The youth unemployment rate between aged 15-24 years realized as 24.9% with 1.6 percentage point increase and the youth employment rate realized as 26.6% with 6.8 percentage point decrease compared with the same period of the previous year. In the same period, labour force participation rate realized as 35.4% with 8.2 percentage point decrease. The rate of neither in employment nor in education realized as 29.1% with 5.1 percentage point increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-24 age group, (%), May 2019, May 2020

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 14.0%, employment rate realized as 40.9%

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 14.0% with 0.2 percentage point increase. The number of unemployed persons increased by 75 thousand to 4 million 166 thousand persons.

Seasonally adjusted employment rate realized as 40.9% with 0.1 percentage point decrease. The number of employed persons estimated as 25 million 525 thousand persons with 43 thousand persons decrease compared with the same period of the previous year.

Seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate was 47.6% without any change. The number of labour force estimated as 29 million 691 thousand persons with 32 thousand persons increase.

According to the seasonally adjusted number of employment by sectors, employment in agriculture increased by 96 thousand persons and construction increased by 107 thousand persons while industry decreased by 72 thousand persons and services decreased by 174 thousand persons.

Employment by sectors, May 2018 – May 2020

The next release on this subject will be on September 10, 2020.
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
EXPLANATIONS
In the period of May 2020, results published in this press release includes 14^th-26^th weeks period including April, May and June 2020.

Unemployment rate realized as 13.7%

Number of unemployed persons aged 15 years old and over has realized as 4 million 469 thousand persons with 932 thousand persons increase in 2019 compared to the previous year. Unemployment rate realized as 13.7% with 2.7 percentage point increase. Non-agricultural unemployment rate was estimated as 16.0% with 3.1 percentage point increase.

Employment rate realized as 45.7%

Number of employed persons aged 15 years old and over realized as 28 million 80 thousand persons with 658 thousand persons decrease and employment rate occured as 45.7% with 1.7 percentage point decrease.

Labour force participation rate realized as 53.0%

Labour force realized as 32 million 549 thousand persons with 275 thousand persons increase and labour force participation rate realized as 53.0% with 0.2 percentage point decrease in 2019.

Main labour force indicators, 15 + age, (Thousand), 2018, 2019

For the 15-64 age group, unemployment rate realized as 14.0%, employment rate realized as 50.3%

Unemployment rate for the 15-64 age group realized as 14.0% with 2.8 percentage point increase and non-agricultural unemployment rate was estimated as 16.1% with 3.1 percentage point increase. Employment rate in this age group occured as 50.3% with 1.7 percentage point decrease and labour force participation rate realized as 58.5% without any change.

Main labour force indicators, 15-64 age group, 2018, 2019

Youth unemployment rate realized as 25.4%, youth employment rate realized as 33.1%

Unemployment rate for the 15-24 age group realized as 25.4% with 5.1 percentage point increase, employment rate in this age group occured as 33.1% with 1.9 percentage point decrease. Labour force participation rate realized as 44.4% with 0.4 percentage point increase. The rate of neither in employment nor in education realized as 26.0% with 1.5 percentage point increase.

Main labour force indicators, 15-24 age group, 2018, 2019

56.5% of total employment was in services

In 2019, 18.2% of total employment was employed in agriculture, 19.8% was employed in industry, 5.5% was employed in construction and 56.5% was employed in services. While the share of employed in services realized as 1.6 percentage point increase and the share of industry realized as 0.1 percentage point increase while the share of agriculture realized with 0.2 percentage point decrease and construction realized with 1.4 percentage point decrease compared with the same period of the previous year.

In 2019, 5 million 97 thousand persons were employed in agriculture, 5 million 561 thousand persons were employed in industry, 1 million 550 thousand persons were employed in construction and 15 million 872 thousand persons were employed in services. Compared with the same period of the previous year, the number of employed in agriculture decreased 200 thousand persons, industry decreased 113 thousand persons and construction decreased 442 thousand persons while services increased 98 thousand persons,

Sectoral employment (Thousand), 2014-2019

TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) region had the highest unemployment rate

TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) region had the highest unemployment rate with 30.9% and TR82 (Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop) region had the lowest unemployment rate with 7.6%.

Unemployment rate (%), SR Level 2, 2019

TR21 (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli) region had the highest employment rate

TR21 (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli) region had the highest employment rate with 53.0%. TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) region had the lowest employment rate with 30.0%.

Employment rate (%), SR Level 2, 2019

TR21 (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli) region had the highest labour force participation rate

TR21 (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli) region had the highest labour force participation rate with 59.6%. TRC3 (Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) region had the lowest labour force participation rate with 43.5%.

Labour force participation rate (%), SR Level 2, 2019

The next release on this subject will be on April 10, 2020.

Unemployment rate realized as 13.4%

The number of unemployed persons aged 15 years old and over increased by 608 thousand to 4 million 396 thousand persons in the period of October 2019 in Turkey compared with the same period of the previous year. The unemployment rate occurred as 13.4% with 1.8 percentage point increase. Non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 15.7% with 2.1 percentage point increase.

Employment rate realized as 45.9%

The number of employed persons decreased by 527 thousand to 28 million 343 thousand persons in the period of October 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. The employment rate occurred as 45.9% with 1.6 percentage point decrease.

While the number of agricultural employment decreased by 270 thousand persons, industry decreased by 30 thousand persons and construction decreased by 305 thousand persons, services increased by 78 thousand persons. According to the distribution of employment by sector; 17.9% was employed in agriculture, 20.0% was employed in industry, 5.8% was employed in construction and 56.3% was employed in services.

Labour force participation rate realized as 53.0%

The number of persons in the labour force realized 32 million 740 thousand persons with 82 thousand persons increase in the period of October 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. Labour force participation rate (LFPR) was 53.0% with 0.7 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15 + age, (Thousand), October 2018, October 2019

The rate of unregistered employment realized as 34.9%

The ratio of persons working without any social security relating to the main job occurred 34.9% with 1.2 percentage point increase in the period of October 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. The rate of unregistered employment realized as 23.5% with 1.1 percentage point increase in the non-agricultural sector compared to the same period of the previous year.

For 15-64 age group, unemployment rate realized as 13.7% and employment rate realized as 50.5%

For the 15-64 age group, the unemployment rate occurred as 13.7% with 1.8 percentage point increase and non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 15.8% with 2.1 percentage point increase compared to the same period of the previous year. In this age group,  employment rate occurred as 50.5% with 1.6 percentage point decrease and labour force participation rate occurred as 58.6% with 0.5 percentage point decrease.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-64 age group, (%), October 2018, October 2019

Youth unemployment rate realized as 25.3%, employment rate realized as 32.8%

The youth unemployment rate between aged 15-24 years realized as 25.3% with 3 percentage point increase and the youth employment rate realized as 32.8% with 1.9 percentage point decrease compared with the same period of the previous year. In the same period, labour force participation rate realized as 43.8% with 0.8 percentage point decrease. The rate of neither in employment nor in education realized as 26.0% with 1.3 percentage point increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, 15-24 age group, (%), October 2018, October 2019

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 13.6%, employment rate realized as 45.7%

Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate realized as 13.6% with 0.3 percentage point decrease. The number of unemployed persons decreased by 96 thousand to 4 million 438 thousand persons.

Seasonally adjusted employment rate realized as 45.7% with 0.1 percentage point increase. The number of employed persons estimated as 28 million 229 thousand persons with 122 thousand persons increase compared with the same period of the previous year.

Seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate was 52.9% without any change compared with the previous period. The number of labour force estimated as 32 million 667 thousand persons with 27 thousand persons increase.

According to the seasonally adjusted number of employment by sectors, employment in agriculture decreased by 92 thousand persons while construction increased by 45 thousand persons, services increased by 49 thousand persons and industry increased by 120 thousand persons.

Employment by sectors, (Thousand), October 2017 – October 2019

The next release on this subject will be on February 10, 2020.
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
EXPLANATIONS
In the period of October 2019, results published in this press release includes 36^th-48^th weeks period including September, October and November 2019.

Unemployment rate realized as 13.9%

The number of unemployed persons aged 15 years old and over increased by 1 million 65 thousand to 4 million 596 thousand persons in the period of July 2019 in Turkey compared with the same period of the previous year. The unemployment rate occurred as 13.9% with 3.1 percentage point increase. In the same period, non-agricultural unemployment rate occurred as 16.5% with 3.6 percentage point increase. While youth unemployment rate including persons aged 15-24 was 27.1% with 7.2 percentage point increase, the unemployment rate for persons aged 15-64 occurred as 14.2% with 3.2 percentage point increase.

Employment rate realized as 46.4%

The number of employed persons decreased by 748 thousand to 28 million 517 thousand persons in the period of July 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. The employment rate occurred as 46.4% with 1.8 percentage point decrease.

The number of agricultural employment decreased by 130 thousand persons and the number of non-agricultural employment decreased by 618 thousand persons in this period. According to the distribution of employment by sector; 19.8% was employed in agriculture, 19.6% was in industry, 5.5% was in construction and 55.1% was in services. Employment in agriculture increased by 0.1 percentage point, industry increased by 0.1 percentage point and services increased by 1.2 percentage point while construction decreased by 1.4 percentage point compared with the same period of the previous year.

Labour force participation rate realized as 53.8%

The number of persons in the labour force realized 33 million 113 thousand persons with 317 thousand persons increase in the period of July 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. Labour force participation rate (LFPR) was 53.8% with 0.2 percentage point decrease. LFPR for male was 73.2% with 0.6 percentage point decrease and the rate for female was 34.9% with 0.2 percentage point increase with the same period of the previous year.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, July 2018, July 2019

The rate of unregistered employment realized as 36.0%

The ratio of persons working without any social security relating to the main job occurred 36.0% with 1.7 percentage point increase in the period of July 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. In the non-agricultural sector, the rate of unregistered employment realized as 23.2% with 1 percentage point increase compared to the same period of the previous year.

Seasonally adjusted employment rate realized as 45.5% and unemployment rate realized as 14.3%

Seasonally adjusted employed persons increased by 2 thousand persons and occured 27 million 993 thousand persons compared with the previous period. Seasonally adjusted employment rate occurred  45.5% with 0.1 percentage point decrease.

The number of seasonally adjusted unemployed persons increased by 129 thousand to 4 million 677 thousand persons in the period of July 2019 compared with the previous period. The unemployment rate was 14.3% with 0.3 percentage point increase.

Seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate was 53.1% with 0.1 percentage point increase compared with the previous period. According to the number of employment by sector, employment in agriculture increased by 67 thousand persons while industry decreased by 16 thousand persons, construction decreased by 34 thousand persons and services decreased by 15 thousand persons.

Seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, July 2018 – July 2019

The next release on this subject will be on November 15, 2019.
                                                                                                                                                                
EXPLANATIONS
In the period of July 2019, results published in this press release includes 23rd-35th weeks period  including June, July and August 2019.

Employment rate realized as 46.1%

The number of employed persons decreased by 869 thousand to 28 million 269 thousand persons in the period of May 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. The employment rate occurred as 46.1% with 2 percentage point decrease.

The number of agricultural employment decreased by 307 thousand persons and the number of non-agricultural employment decreased by 562 thousand persons in this period. According to the distribution of employment by sector; 18.3% was employed in agriculture, 19.6% was in industry, 5.5% was in construction and 56.6% was in services. Employment in agriculture decreased by 0.5 percentage point and construction decreased by 1.7 percentage point while industry increased by 0.1 percentage point and services increased by 2 percentage point compared with the same period of the previous year.

Labour force participation rate realized as 52.9%

The number of persons in the labour force realized 32 million 426 thousand persons with 152 thousand persons increase in the period of May 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. Labour force participation rate (LFPR) was 52.9% with 0.4 percentage point decrease. LFPR for male was 71.7% with 0.9 percentage point decrease and the rate for female was 34.4% without any change compared with the same period of the previous year.

Non-seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, May 2018, May 2019

The rate of unregistered employment realized as 34.4%

The ratio of persons working without any social security relating to the main job occurred 34.4% with 0.7 percentage point increase in the period of May 2019 compared with the same period of the previous year. In the non-agricultural sector, the rate of unregistered employment realized as 22.8% with 0.4 percentage point increase compared to the same period of the previous year.

Public sector employment increased as 10.6%

According to data gathered by Presidency of Strategy and Budget, total public sector employment realized as 4 million 570 thousand persons with 10.6% percentage point increase in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the same period of the previous year.

Seasonally adjusted employment rate realized as 45.4% and unemployment rate realized as 14.0%

Seasonally adjusted employed persons decreased by 137 thousand persons and occured 27 million 876 thousand persons compared with the previous period. Seasonally adjusted employment rate occurred  45.4% with 0.3 percentage point decrease.

The number of seasonally adjusted unemployed persons increased by 38 thousand to 4 million 527 thousand persons in the period of May 2019 compared with the previous period. The unemployment rate was 14.0% with 0.2 percentage point increase.

Seasonally adjusted labour force participation rate was 52.8% with 0.3 percentage point decrease compared with the previous period. According to the number of employment by sector, employment in agriculture decreased by 25 thousand persons, industry decreased by 7 thousand persons, construction decreased by 44 thousand persons and services decreased by 62 thousand persons.

Seasonally adjusted main labour force indicators, May 2018 – May 2019

The next release on this subject will be on September 16, 2019.
                                                                                                                          
EXPLANATIONS
In the period of May 2019, results published in this press release includes 14^th-26^thweeks period  including April, May and June 2019.