Consumer Price Index – Muhasebe News https://www.muhasebenews.com Muhasebe News Thu, 04 Feb 2021 11:52:31 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.3.3 Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 14.97% annually https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-14-97-annually/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-14-97-annually/#respond Thu, 04 Feb 2021 11:52:31 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=103528 Consumer Price Index, January 2021
A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.68%, on December of the previous year by 1.68%, on same month of the previous year by 14.97% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 12.53% in January 2021.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), January 2021

The lowest annual increase was 1.35% in alcoholic beverages and tobacco

Clothing and footwear with 2.12%, education with 6.13% and communication with 6.32% were the other main groups where lowest annual increases realized. On the other hand, miscellaneous goods and services with 24.53%, furnishings and household equipment with 23.25% and transportation with 21.43% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), January 2021

The highest monthly decrease was 4.37% in clothing and footwear

In January 2021, education with 0.03% was the other group that indicated monthly decrease amongst the main groups. Communication with 0.31%, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 0.67% and transportation with 1.12% were the main groups that indicated lowest monthly increase. On the other hand, health with 4.25%, housing with 3.02% and furnishings and household equipment with 2.90% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), January 2021

In January 2021, within average prices of 415 items in the index, the average prices of 92 items decreased and the average prices of 30 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 293 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 16.00% annually and 1.64% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.64%, on December of the previous year by 1.64%, on same month of the previous year by 16.00% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 12.26% in January 2021.

The next release on this subject will be on March 03, 2021


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-14-97-annually/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 14.60% annually https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-14-60-annually/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-14-60-annually/#respond Tue, 05 Jan 2021 09:21:31 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=100543 Consumer Price Index, December 2020
A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.25%, on December of the previous year by 14.60%, on same month of the previous year by 14.60% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 12.28% in December 2020.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), December 2020

The only annual decrease was 0.32% in clothing and footwear

Alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 0.65%, communication with 5.73% and education with 6.84% were the other main groups where lowest annual increases realized. On the other hand, miscellaneous goods and services with 28.12%, transportation with 21.12% and food and non-alcoholic beverages with 20.61% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), December 2020

The highest monthly decrease was 3.18% in clothing and footwear

In December 2020, miscellaneous goods and services with 0.58%, education with 0.03% and alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 0.01% were the other groups that indicated monthly decrease amongst the main groups. On the other hand, furnishings and household equipment with 3.46%, transportation with 2.64% and food and non-alcoholic beverages with 2.53% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), December 2020

In December 2020, within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 98 items decreased and the average prices of 36 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 284 items increased.



The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 14.52% annually and 1.11% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.11%, on December of the previous year by 14.52%, on same month of the previous year by 14.52% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 11.83% in December 2020.

The next release on this subject will be on February 03, 2021.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-14-60-annually/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 0.86% in August 2020 https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-0-86-in-august-2020/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-0-86-in-august-2020/#respond Thu, 03 Sep 2020 09:52:21 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=91854 Consumer Price Index, August 2020 in Turkey

A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.86%, on December of the previous year by 7.29%, on same month of the previous year by 11.77% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 11.27% in August 2020.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), August 2020

The lowest annual increase was 2.44% in alcoholic beverages and tobacco

Communication with 6.37%, recreation and culture with 6.61% and education with 8.50% were the other main groups where low annual increases realized. On the other hand, miscellaneous goods and services with 26.99%, health with 14.68% and food and non-alcoholic beverages with 13.51% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), August 2020

The highest monthly decrease was 2.11% in clothing and footwear

In August 2020, the other main group that indicated a decrease was food and non-alcoholic beverages with 0.08%. On the other hand, miscellaneous goods and services with 5.09%, transportation and hotels, cafes and restaurants with 1.56% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), August 2020

In August 2020 within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 92 items decreased and the average prices of 53 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 273 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 11.18% annually and 0.78% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.78%, on December of the previous year by 7.30%, on same month of the previous year by 11.18% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 10.59% in August 2020.

The next release on this subject will be on October 05, 2020.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-0-86-in-august-2020/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 1.13% on the previous month https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-1-13-on-the-previous-month/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-1-13-on-the-previous-month/#respond Fri, 03 Jul 2020 11:15:00 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=87995 Consumer Price Index, June 2020 in Turkey
A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.13%, on December of the previous year by 5.75%, on same month of the previous year by 12.62% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 11.88% in June 2020.
Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), June 2020

The lowest annual increase was 4.84% in communicationRecreation and culture with 6.32%, furnishings and household equipment with 9.74% and clothing and footwear with 10.66% were the other main groups where low annual increases realized. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 22.41%, miscellaneous goods and services with 19.80% and housing with 14.95% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), June 2020

The only monthly decrease was 1.60% in food and non-alcoholic beverages

In June 2020, the only main group that indicated a decrease was food and non-alcoholic beverages with 1.60%. Housing with 0.70%, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 0.87% and miscellaneous goods and services with 0.97% were the groups that indicated lowest monthly increase amongst the main groups. On the other hand, transportation with 4.49%, hotels, cafes and restaurants with 2.83% and recreation and culture with 2.45% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), June 2020

In June 2020 within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 71 items decreased and the average prices of 57 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 290 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 11.95% annually and 1.86% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.86%, on December of the previous year by 5.72%, on same month of the previous year by 11.95% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 11.42% in June 2020.

The next release on this subject will be on August 04, 2020.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-1-13-on-the-previous-month/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 11.39% annually and 1.36% monthly https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-39-annually-and-1-36-monthly/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-39-annually-and-1-36-monthly/#respond Thu, 04 Jun 2020 09:10:14 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=85872 Consumer Price Index, May 2020 in Turkey

A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.36%, on December of the previous year by 4.57%, on same month of the previous year by 11.39% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 12.10% in May 2020.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), May 2020

The lowest annual increase was 2.98% in communication

Recreation and culture with 3.74%, transportation with 6.69% and clothing and footwear with 7.68% were the other main groups where low annual increases realized. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 21.41%, miscellaneous goods and services with 20.86% and housing with 14.45% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), May 2020

The lowest monthly increase was 0.16% in hotels, cafes and restaurants

In May 2020, there was no main group that indicated a decrease. Hotels, cafes and restaurants with 0.16%, health with 0.22% and food and non-alcoholic beverages with 0.24% were the groups that indicated lowest monthly increase amongst the main groups. On the other hand, clothing and footwear with 6.85%, transportation with 3.30% and miscellaneous goods and services with 1.92% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), May 2020

In May 2020 within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 66 items decreased and the average prices of 70 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 282 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 11.21% annually and 1.52% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.52%, on December of the previous year by 3.79%, on same month of the previous year by 11.21% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 11.74% in May 2020.

The next release on this subject will be on July 03, 2020.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-39-annually-and-1-36-monthly/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 11.86% annually https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-86-annually/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-86-annually/#respond Fri, 03 Apr 2020 09:15:48 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=81436 Consumer Price Index, March 2020 in Turkey

A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.57%, on December of the previous year by 2.29%, on same month of the previous year by 11.86% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 13.33% in March 2020.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), March 2020

The lowest annual increase was 2.52% in communication

Clothing and footwear with 6.18%, recreation and culture with 6.72% and furnishing and household equipment with 7.69% were the other main groups where low annual increases realized. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 40.19%, miscellaneous goods and services with 17.21% and housing with 15.31% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), March 2020

The highest monthly decrease was 1.91% in transportation

In March 2020, the other group that indicated a decrease was communication with 0.05% amongst the main groups. On the other hand, health with 2.78%, food and non-alcoholic beverages with 1.95% and miscellaneous goods and services with 1.24% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), March 2020

In March 2020 within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 98 items decreased and the average prices of 32 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 288 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 11.65% annually and 0.77% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.77%, on December of the previous year by 1.12%, on same month of the previous year by 11.65% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 12.61% in March 2020.

The next release on this subject will be on May 04, 2020.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-86-annually/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 12.37% annually and 0.35% monthly https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-12-37-annually-and-0-35-monthly/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-12-37-annually-and-0-35-monthly/#respond Tue, 03 Mar 2020 07:45:00 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=78926 Consumer Price Index, February 2020 in Turkey

Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-12-37-annually-and-0-35-monthly/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 12.15% annually https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-12-15-annually/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-12-15-annually/#respond Mon, 03 Feb 2020 07:30:48 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=76837 Consumer Price Index, January 2020 in Turkey

A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 1.35%, on December of the previous year by 1.35%, on same month of the previous year by 12.15% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 14.52% in January 2020.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), January 2020

The lowest annual increase was 2.14% in communication

Recreation and culture with 5.66%, clothing and footwear with 6.00% and furnishing and household equipment with 7.51% were the other main groups where low annual increases realized. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 42.21%, education with 15.11% and miscellaneous goods and services with 15.01% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.

CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), January 2020

The highest monthly decrease was 6.65% in clothing and footwear

In January 2020, the other groups that indicated a decrease were furnishing and household equipment with 1.44%, communication with 0.25% and alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 0.02% amongst the main groups. On the other hand, miscellaneous goods and services with 4.88%, food and non-alcoholic beverages with 4.65% and health with 3.96% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.

CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), January 2020

In January 2020 within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 125 items decreased and the average prices of 25 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 268 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 10.93% annually and 0.34% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.34%, on December of the previous year by 0.34%, on same month of the previous year by 10.93% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 13.66% in January 2020.

The next release on this subject will be on March 03, 2020.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-12-15-annually/feed/ 0
Consumer price index in Turkey increased by 11.84% annually and 0.74% monthly https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-84-annually-and-0-74-monthly/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-84-annually-and-0-74-monthly/#respond Fri, 03 Jan 2020 07:30:10 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=74846 Consumer Price Index, December 2019 in Turkey
A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.74%, in December of the previous year by 11.84%, on same month of the previous year by 11.84% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 15.18% in December 2019.

Annual rate of changes in CPI (%), December 2019

The lowest annual increase was 3.16% in communication
Clothing and footwear with 4.53%, recreation and culture with 7.03% and furnishing and household equipment with 9.79% were the other main groups where low annual increases realized. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages and tobacco with 43.12%, education with 14.46%, health and miscellaneous goods and services with 13.63% were the main groups where high annual increases realized.
CPI annual rate of changes in main groups (%), December 2019
The highest monthly decrease was 1.91% in clothing and footwear
In December 2019, the other group that indicated a decrease was recreation and culture with 0.11% amongst the main groups. On the other hand, food and non-alcoholic beverages with 2.93%, transportation with 0.57%, health and miscellaneous goods and services with 0.42% were the main groups where high monthly increases realized.CPI monthly rate of changes in main groups (%), December 2019

In December 2019 within average prices of 418 items in the index, the average prices of 131 items decreased and the average prices of 34 items remained unchanged while the average prices of 253 items increased.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 10.76% annually and 0.41% monthly

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.41%, on December of the previous year by 10.76%, on same month of the previous year by 10.76% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 14.36% in December 2019.

The next release on this subject will be on February 03, 2020.


Source: TurkStat
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/consumer-price-index-in-turkey-increased-by-11-84-annually-and-0-74-monthly/feed/ 0
Consumer price index (CPI) increased by 0.38% in Turkey https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/72159-2/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/72159-2/#respond Tue, 03 Dec 2019 07:45:07 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=72159 Consumer Price Index, November 2019

A rise in general index was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.38%, on December of the previous year by 11.01%, on same month of the previous year by 10.56% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 15.87% in November 2019.

The highest monthly increase was 2.69% in clothing and footwear

In November 2019, the indices rose for furnishing and household equipment 0.59%, for communication 0.39%, for housing 0.36% and for transportation 0.33%.

The highest monthly decrease was 0.44% in miscellaneous goods and services

In November 2019, the other group that indicated a decrease was hotels, cafes and restaurants by 0.15% amongst the main groups.

The highest annual increase was 43.35% in alcoholic beverages and tobacco

Education with 14.35%, miscellaneous goods and services with 14.03%, health with 13.85% and hotels, cafes and restaurants with 13.07% were the other main groups where high annual increases realized.

The indicator for CPI having specified coverage (B) increased by 0.59%

A rise in CPI excluding unprocessed food, energy, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and gold was realized in CPI (2003=100) on the previous month by 0.59%, on December of the previous year by 10.31%, on same month of the previous year by 9.90% and on the twelve months moving averages basis by 15.13% in November 2019.

In November 2019 within average prices of 418 items in the index, average prices of 33 items remained unchanged while average prices of 296 items increased and average prices of 89 items decreased.

Consumer price index, November 2019
[2003=100]

The next release on this subject will be on January 03, 2020.


Source: TUIK
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


]]>
https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/72159-2/feed/ 0