Total environmental protection expenditure amounted to 66.3 billion TL by an increase of 59.2% compared to the previous year in 2021. Out of total environmental protection expenditure, 64.3% was realized by financial and non-financial corporations, 28.3% was realized by general government and non-profit institutions serving households and 7.3% was realized by households.

Environmental protection expenditure by institutional sectors, 2020 – 2021

58.5% of environmental protection expenditures realized for waste management services

In total environmental protection expenditure, waste management services accounted for 58.5%, wastewater management services accounted for 27%, protection of biodiversity and landscapes accounted for 4.2%, protection of ambient air and climate for 3.5%, protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water accounted for 3% and other environmental protection domains accounted for 3.8%.

Environmental protection expenditure by domains (%), 2021

Environmental protection investment expenditure was 13.6 billion TL

Out of 13.6 billion TL of environmental protection investment expenditure which increased by 75% compared to the previous year, 84.4% was realized by financial and non-financial corporations and 15.6% was realized by general government and non-profit institutions serving households.

Share of environmental protection expenditure in GDP was 0.9%

While share of environmental protection expenditure in gross domestic product was 0.8% in 2020, it was 0.9% in 2021.

The next release on this subject will be on November, 2023.

Source: TÜİK Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) increased 26 billion 965 million TRY and reached to 81 billion 922 million TRY in 2021.

Gross domestic expenditure on research and development, 2020-2021

Share of GERD in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 1.13%

While the share of GERD in GDP was 1.09% in 2020, it was realized as 1.13% of 7 trillion 248 billion 789 million TRY GDP in 2021.

GERD as a percentage of GDP, 2009-2021


The most R&D expenditure was in financial and non-financial corporations

Financial and non-financial corporation had the largest share in research and development (R&D) expenditures with 70.7%, followed by higher education with 23.7%. The share of general government R&D expenditures, including R&D expenditures made by private non-profit sector, in total R&D expenditures was 5.6%. Among the R&D expenditures, personnel expenditures constituted the largest expenditure item with 49.5%.

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D                                                Gross domestic expenditure on R&D
by sectors, 2021                                                                                   by type of cost, 2021


(1) Including private non-profit sector.

Financial and non-financial corporations ranked first with 62.4% in R&D funding in 2021
 The share of R&D expenditure funded by financial and non-financial corporations was 62.4% of GERD in 2021. This was followed by general government by 25.1%, higher education by 10.6%, funds from abroad by 1.9% and other national sources by 0.04% respectively.
Funding sources distribution by sector, 2021

Total numbers may not be obtained due to rounding.

221 thousand 811 R&D personnel was employed in terms of full-time equivalent 

Total number of full time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel was 221 thousand 811 in 2021. Regarding FTE R&D personnel distribution by sectors, 67.4% was employed in financial and non-financial corporations, 28.2% was employed in higher education and 4.4% was employed in general government including private non-profit sector as well in 2021.

The ratio of female R&D personnel was 32.1% in terms of full-time equivalent

Total number of female FTE R&D personnel was 71 thousand 301 in 2021 which constitutes 32.1% of total FTE R&D personnel. When the sectors were taken into consideration, the ratio of female R&D personnel in terms of FTE was 45.7% in higher education, 30.4% in the general government including non-profit organizations and 26.6% in financial and non-financial corporations.

Sectoral breakdown of R&D personnel in FTE by sex, 2021

 (1) Including private non-profit sector.

31.2% of R&D personnel have doctorate or equivalent education status

It was observed that 34.9% of the R&D personnel had a bachelor level or equivalent. This was followed by doctorate or equivalent with 31.2%, master or equivalent level with 24.3%, short-cycle tertiary education level with 4.8% and upper secondary education level and below with 4.8%. When the FTE R&D personnel were analyzed by education levels, bachelor level ranked first with 48.0%. This was followed by master or equivalent level with 20.7%, doctorate and equivalent level with 18.3%, short-cycle tertiary education level with 6.7% and upper secondary education level with 6.3%.

R&D personnel in terms of number and FTE by education status, 2021

The highest R&D expenditure was in TR51 (Ankara) Region

According to Statistical Regions (SR) Level 2, R&D expenditure in 2021 was the highest in TR51 (Ankara) region with 31.9%. This region was followed by TR10 (İstanbul) region by 28.5% and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) region by 9.8%.

According to number of R&D personnel, TR10 (İstanbul) region was in the first place with 29.5% share. This region was followed by TR51 (Ankara) region with 19.3% and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) region with 8.0%.

52.9% of R&D expenditures of financial and non-financial corporations were performed in R&D centres

52.9% of the 57 billion 884 million TRY R&D expenditure made by financial and non-financial corporations in 2021 was realized in R&D centres. When the enterprises that are conducting R&D activities in R&D centres were analysed according to the number of employees, it was seen that 85.2% of the R&D expenditures made in R&D centres were made by enterprises with 250 or more employees.

Most of the R&D expenditure was carried out by enterprises with hi-tech activities

When the enterprises that carry out R&D activities in the manufacturing industry are classified according to their technology levels, it was seen that 47.5% of the 32 billion 773 million TRY R&D expenditure made in the manufacturing industry in 2021 was carried out by the enterprises involved in high technology activities. This rate was 35.3% in 2015. Of the total R&D expenditure in the manufacturing industry, 39.6% was implemented by enterprises in medium-high technology activity, 8.3% by enterprises in medium-low technology activity and 4.6% by enterprises in low-tech activity.

Distribution of R&D expenditures in the manufacturing industry by technology level, 2009-2021

Total numbers may not be obtained due to rounding.

When the number of researchers in the enterprises carrying out R&D activities in the manufacturing industry was examined, it was seen that the highest number of researchers were employed by enterprises carrying out medium-high technology activities with 24 thousand 630 people in 2021. This was followed by the employment of 16 thousand 720 researchers by enterprises carrying out high-tech activities. When the number of researchers in terms of FTE is taken into account, it was seen that the highest number of researchers were employed by enterprises carrying out medium-high technology activities with 22 thousand 299. 

Number of researchers of enterprises carrying out R&D activities in the manufacturing industry by technology level, 2021

The next release on this subject will be on October, 2023.

Source: TÜİK Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

In order to collect data on information technologies used by children, for the first time in 2013, children aged 6-15 were asked about the use of information and communication technologies, their frequency and purpose of use. The survey was repeated in 2021 to monitor the change in children’s use of computers, Internet, mobile/smart phones, digital games and social media. The term “child” in this press release refers to children aged 6-15 unless a specific age group is specified.

The proportion of Internet usage of children was 82.7%

While the Internet usage was 50.8% in 2013 for children aged 6-15, it became 82.7% in 2021. When Internet usage was analyzed by sex; it was observed that the proportion of Internet usage of boys increased to 83.9% in 2021, which was 53.7% in 2013 and Internet usage proportion of girls increased to 81.5% in 2021, which was 47.8% in 2013.

The proportion of children using the Internet regularly increased

Children using the Internet declared that 90.1% of them used the Internet almost every day, 8.5% of them at least once a week, and 1.4% of them less than once a week. The proportion of children who declared that they used the Internet regularly including almost every day or at least once a week was 98.6%. This proportion was 91.8% in 2013. While the proportion of boys using the Internet regularly was 92.8% in 2013, it was 98.9% in 2021, and while the proportion of girls using the Internet regularly was 90.7% in 2013, it was 98.4% in 2021.

Children using the Internet regularly in the age group of 6-15 used the Internet on average of 12 hours 25 minutes in class and 6 hours 59 minutes out of class per week.

Participating in online classes ranked first among Internet usage purposes with 86.2%

In the activities carried out through the Internet by children aged 6-15 using the Internet regularly, participation in online classes with 86.2% took the first place, while using the Internet for homework or learning with 83.6% took the second place. This was followed by playing or downloading game with 66.1%, watching videos from sharing sites with 61.0%, making calls (including video calls) over the Internet with 55.5%. The least activity of children on the Internet was online shopping with 9.1%.

Purposes of Internet usage by children using Internet regularly, 2021

31.3% of children using the Internet regularly used social media

31.3% of children using the Internet regularly stated that they used the Internet for social media. It was observed that 77.7% of children in the 6-15 age group using social media used social media almost every day, 16.5% of them at least once a week, and 5.8% of them less than once a week. The proportion of children who declared that they used the Internet and social media regularly including almost every day or at least once a week was 94.2%. While the proportion of children in the 6-10 age group who used social media regularly was 84.6%, this proportion was 95.9% in the 11-15 age group.

Children spent at least 3 hours a day on social media

Children using regular social media used social media for an average of 2 hours and 54 minutes a day on weekdays, and an average of 2 hours and 44 minutes a day on weekends. When the social media daily usage on weekdays and weekends was analyzed by sex; it was seen that social media usage was on average of 2 hours and 54 minutes a day for boys and 2 hours 53 minutes for girls on weekdays, 2 hours and 37 minutes a day for boys, and 2 hours and 52 minutes for girls on weekends.

64.4% of children used mobile phone/smartphone

The proportion of children aged 6-15 who stated that they used mobile phone/smartphone was 64.4% in 2021. The proportion of using mobile phone/smartphone was 65.7% for boys and 63.0% for girls. When the proportion of using mobile phone/smartphone was analyzed by age group, it was seen that this proportion was 53.9% in children aged 6-10, and increased to 75.0% in children aged 11-15.

Mobile phone/smartphone was used mostly for online course participation

84.6% of the children using mobile phone/smartphone stated that they used it almost every day, 13.3% of them at least once a week, and 2.1% of them less than once a week. The proportion of children who declared that they used a mobile phone/smartphone regularly including almost every day or at least once a week was 97.9%.

When the purposes of phone usage by children using mobile phone/smartphone regularly were examined; it was observed that the children in the 6-15 age group used mobile phone/smartphone for the purpose of participating in online classes with the highest proportion of 77.7%. This was followed by the purposes of studying, preparing homework/presentation with 77.4%, making calls (including video calls) with 68.7%, and playing online/offline games with 66.9%.

Purposes of phone usage of children using mobile phone/smartphone regularly by age group (%), 2021

32.3% of children checked their mobile phone/smartphone every half hour

32.3% of children using mobile phone/smartphone regularly in the 6-15 age group stated that they checked their mobile phone/smartphone at least every 30 minutes. This proportion was 32.8% for boys and 31.7% for girls. While 43.5% of children using mobile phone/smartphone regularly in the 11-15 age group stated that they checked their phone every half hour, this proportion was 16.5% in the 6-10 age group.

The proportion of children using mobile phone/smartphone regularly, checking his/her mobile phone/smartphone at least every 30 minutes, the last thing done before going to sleep and the first thing done after waking up is to check his/her mobile phone/smartphone, checking his/her mobile phone/smartphone while watching TV and eating with others was 3.7%. The proportion of children doing at least one of these was 52.4%.

Phone usage habits of children using mobile phone/smartphone regularly by age group (%), 2021

55.6% of children used computers

55.6% of the children stated that they used a computer (desktop/laptop/tablet). The proportion of children using computers was 60.5% in 2013. When the children using computers was examined by age group; 53.4% of children aged 6-10 and 57.8% of children aged 11-15 declared that they used computers in 2021.

Tablet computer was the most used type of computer by children with 57.2%

It was observed that the children in the age group of 6-15 used mostly tablet computers with 57.2%. The proportion of children using tablet computers was 7.3% in 2013. While the proportion of children using portable computer (laptop, netbook etc.) was 34.4% in 2013, it was 47.4% in 2021. While the proportion of children using desktop computers was 76.6% in 2013 and 27.2% in 2021.

Information and communication technology usage of children by age group (%), 2013, 2021

Proportion of children with at least one information and communication technology product for their own use alone increased

While the proportion of children aged 6-15 who declared that at least one information and communication technology products such as computer (desktop/laptop/tablet), mobile phone/smartphone, TV/smart TV, smart watch and game console was for their own use alone was 66.6% in 2021. When the proportion of children who have at least one information and communication technology product for their own use alone was analyzed by sex; it was observed that this proportion was 67.8% for boys and 65.4% for girls in 2021.

While the proportion of children having a computer for their own use alone was 24.4% in 2013, it was 46.3% in 2021, as for the proportion of children with a mobile/smart phone was 13.1% in 2013 and 39.0% in 2021.

Proportion of children with information and communication technology products for their own use by age group (%), 2021

The proportion of boys playing digital games was higher than the proportion of girls

While 36.0% of the children played digital games, this proportion was 32.7% in the 6-10 age group and 39.4% in the 11-15 age group. When the proportion of playing digital games was analyzed by sex and age group; while the proportion of playing digital games for boys in the 6-15 age group was 46.1%, the proportion of playing digital games was 25.4% for girls. This proportion was 38.7% for boys and 26.4% for girls in the 6-10 age group, and 53.7% for boys and 24.4% for girls in the 11-15 age group.

Digital gaming time was longer for boys

94.7% of children in the 6-15 age group who stated that they played digital games declared that they played them regularly including almost every day or at least once a week. It was observed that 96.2% of boys and 91.8% of girls in the 6-15 age group stated that they played digital games regularly.

Of those who stated that they regularly played digital games; boys declared that they play digital games for 3 hours 2 minutes and girls for 2 hours 18 minutes on weekdays; boys for 2 hours 59 minutes and girls for 2 hours 11 minutes on weekends.

The most played type of digital game was war game

54.3% of the children playing digital games regularly in the 6-15 age group stated that they played war games. This was followed by adventure/action with 52.0%, strategy with 41.8%, simulation with 27.5% and sports games with 26.5%. Role playing was the least played type of game with 19.1%.

When the types of digital games played by children who stated that they played digital games regularly were examined by sex; it was seen that the most played type of game by boys in the 6-15 age group was war games with 68.4%, while girls played adventure/action games with 44.3%. When the types of digital games played by children playing digital games were examined in terms of age groups, the most played digital game type in the 6-10 age group was adventure/action with 49.6%, while the war games were 66.3% in the 11-15 age group.

Types of digital games played by children playing games regularly by sex (%), 2021

Parents thought that their children played digital games too much

When asked to children playing digital games regularly about their opinions on playing digital game; 58.4% of children in the 6-15 age group stated that their parents thought their children played digital games too much. The children playing digital game regularly declared that 47.3% of them played more than they planned, 42.6% of them thought that playing too much causes them to neglect their responsibilities, 42.3% of them spent too much time playing games, and 28.0% of them they felt restless and unhappy when they did not play digital games.

Children read less to spent more time in front of the screen

When asked to children about their thoughts on the situations caused by the time they spent in front of the screen for activities such as usage of computer, mobile phone/smartphone, Internet and social media, playing digital games, watching TV, 35.9% of the children in the 6-15 age group stated that they read less books because they spent more in front of the screen. This was followed by studying less with 33.5%, spending less time with their family with 27.7%, meeting less face to face and playing less games with their friends with 25.4%, and sleeping less with 17.2%.

Source: TÜİK
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.