Article – Muhasebe News https://www.muhasebenews.com Muhasebe News Tue, 27 Aug 2024 07:54:50 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.3.5 Will newly opened companies make inflation adjustments between January and June 2024? https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/will-newly-opened-companies-make-inflation-adjustments-between-january-and-june-2024/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/will-newly-opened-companies-make-inflation-adjustments-between-january-and-june-2024/#respond Tue, 27 Aug 2024 07:54:50 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=154117 Will newly opened companies between January and June 2024 make inflation adjustments?

Yes, they will.

Companies that will make new openings between January and June 2024 will also subject their balance sheets dated June 30, 2024 to inflation adjustments.

Since the adjustment coefficient will be 1 for companies established in June 2024, there will be no asset to be valued within the scope of inflation adjustment, and the balance sheet created after closing records will be provided in the provisional tax annex.


Source: Istanbul Chamber of Certified Public Accountants
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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Matters to be considered in the Inflation Adjustment of 500 Capital Accounts and an accounting record example https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/matters-to-be-considered-in-the-inflation-adjustment-of-500-capital-accounts-and-an-accounting-record-example/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/matters-to-be-considered-in-the-inflation-adjustment-of-500-capital-accounts-and-an-accounting-record-example/#respond Mon, 26 Aug 2024 11:24:13 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=154042 Considering the structure of the capital, it is necessary to correct it by using the coefficients to be calculated within the correction dates to be determined within the framework of subparagraph (3) of paragraph (A) of Article 298 of Law No. 213 and Article 17 of the General Communiqué on Tax Procedure Law No. 555, considering its sources (formulation) such as paid in cash, contributed in kind, and later additions to the capital.

However, in accordance with paragraph (2) of Article 15 of the aforementioned General Communiqué, when reaching the amount of the capital that is the basis for correction, the funds listed in this paragraph (added to the capital) must be deducted from the capital.

Example 11: (G) Ltd. Şti. was established on 9/6/2011. The formation dates of the capital of the company in question, whose accounting period is a calendar year, as shown in its balance sheet dated 31/12/2023 and its adjusted capital after inflation adjustment are as follows.

Capital Payment Date Paid Capital Amount (TL) (A) Adjustment Coefficient (B) Adjusted Amount(TL) (A x B)

Payment Form

Year

Month

Establ.(2011)

June

1.000.000,00

15,37296

15.372.960,00

Cash
2012 May

500.000,00

14,22724

7.113.620,00

Cash
2014 Augsut4

500.000,00

12,36330

6.181.650,00

Legal Reserve
2021 November

200.000,00

0,00000 0,00

Revaluation (addition of the amount held in the fund to the capital within the scope of temporary article 31 of Tax Procedure Law No. 213)

2022 December

300.000,00

1,44223 432.669,00

Cash

Total 2.500.000,00 29.100.899,00

Within the scope of these data, the inflation adjustment difference calculated as a result of the inflation adjustment of the capital and its transfer to the records:

Pre-Adjustment Capital (TL)(A) Post-Adjustment Capital
(TL) (B)

Inflation Adjustment Difference

(TL) (B – A)

2.500.000,00

29.100.899,00

26.600.899,00

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

698 Inflation Adjustment Calculation                  26.600.899,00

502 Capital Adjustment Positive Differences                 26.600.899,00

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

In this respect, the paid-in capital account in the balance sheet subject to inflation adjustment dated 31/12/2023 will be shown as follows.

Paid-in Capital 29,100,899.00 TL.

Capital 2,500,000.00 TL.

Capital Adjustment Positive Differences 26,600,899.00 TL.

Carrying the said adjusted capital to the end of the 2024/1-3 provisional tax period (first provisional tax period):

Considering that there is no change in the capital in the first provisional tax period, the adjusted paid-in capital amount of 29,100,899.00 TL will be subject to inflation adjustment by multiplying it with the carry-over coefficient. The carry-over coefficient will be found by dividing the 2024/March period PPI value by the 2023/December PPI value.

Transport Coefficient = 3,100.00 (assumption) / 2,915.02 = 1.06346

Amount Subject to Adjustment (A)

29.100.899,00

Bearing Coefficient (B)

1,06346

Adjusted Amount (A x B)

30.947.642,05

 

Pre-Transport Capital (TL)

(A)

Post-Transfer Capital (TL)
(B)

Inflation Adjustment Difference (TL)

(B – A)

29.100.899,00

30.947.642,05

1.846.743,05

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

698 Inflation Adjustment Calculation                1.846.743,05

502 Capital Adjustment Positive Differences                1.846.743,05

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

In this respect, the paid-in capital account in the carried balance sheet dated 31/3/2024 will be shown as follows.

Paid-in Capital                                         30,947,642.05 TL.

Capital                                                         2,500,000.00 TL.

Capital Adjustment Positive Differences  28,447,642.05 TL.

Example 12: (H) Ltd. Şti. was established on 9/6/2020. The formation dates of the capital of the company in question and the calculations regarding the adjustment of the capital are as follows.

Düzeltmeye Esas Tutar (A)

770.313,60

Taşıma Katsayısı (B)

1,06346

Düzeltilmiş Tutar (A x B)

819.197,70

Pre-Transport Capital (TL)

(A)

Post-Transfer Capital (TL)
(B)(B)

Inflation Adjustment Difference (TL)

(B – A)

770.313,60

819.197,70

48.884,10

The accounting record regarding the recognition of the adjustment difference will be as follows.

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

698 Inflation Adjustment Account 48,884.10

502 Positive Capital Adjustment Differences 24.197,70

503 Negative Capital Adjustment Differences 24,686.40

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

In this respect, the paid-in capital account in the inflation adjusted balance sheet dated 31/3/2024 will be as follows.

Paid-in Capital 819.197,70 TL.

Capital 795.000,00 TL.

Positive Capital Adjustment Differences TL 24.197,70.

In the correction of the capital, the structure of the capital at the date of the correction will be taken into account, and in this context, in the case of capital decreases, it will be determined from which increase item previously added to the capital, and if the item in question is an element that needs to be corrected, this item will be subject to correction over the reduced amount.

The provision of Article 32/B of the Corporate Tax Law No. 5520 should also be taken into consideration in capital decrease transactions.

Example 13: (I) A.Ş. was established on 10/8/2015. The dates of formation of the capital of the said company, whose accounting period is calendar year, appearing in the balance sheet dated 31/12/2023 and its adjusted capital after inflation adjustment are as follows.

Capital Payment Date

Paid/Reduced Capital Amount (TL)

Capital Amount Subject to Adjustment After Reduction

(TL) (A)

Adjustment Coefficient (B)

Adjusted Amount (TL) (A x B)

Payment / Reduction Method

Year Month
Establ.
(2015)

august

1.000.000,00

1.000.000,00

11,64006

11.640.060,00

Cash

2017

December

2.000.000,00

1.000.000,00

9,21076

9.210.760,00

Cash

2018

November5

-1.000.000,00

Cash

2021

September

2.000.000,00

1.000.000,00

3,93082

3.930.820,00

Cash

2023

June6

-1.000.000,00

Cash

Total

3.000.000,00

3.000.000,00

24.781.640,00

Accordingly, the adjusted capital and inflation adjustment difference in the taxpayer’s inflation-adjusted balance sheet dated 31/12/2023 will be as follows.

Pre-Adjustment Capital (TL) (A)

Post-Adjustment Capital (TL) (B)

Inflation Adjustment Difference(TL) (B – A)

3.000.000,00

24.781.640,00

21.781.640,00

The recognition of the difference will be as follows.

_____________________________ / ___________________________________

698 Inflation Adjustment Account 21.781.640,00

502 Positive Capital Adjustment Differences 21,781,640.00

_____________________________ / __________________________________

In this respect, the paid-in capital account in the inflation adjusted balance sheet dated 31/12/2023 will be shown as follows.

Paid-in Capital 24.781.640,00 TL.

Capital 3.000.000,00 TL.

Positive Capital Adjustment Differences TL 21.781.640,00.

On the other hand, if there are retained earnings, capital and profit reserves and funds added to the capital in the capital account, the provision of Article 32/B of the Law No. 5520 should be taken into consideration in determining the items from which the capital reduction is made.

The monetary and non-monetary assets included in the economic enterprises by type are mainly included in the lists attached to the General Communiqué on Tax Procedure Law No. 555 (Annex 1 and Annex 2). The economic assets included in the aforementioned lists are shown with the account codes in the “Uniform Chart of Accounts” for the convenience of practitioners. Economic assets that are not included in these lists are treated as the closest economic asset in the lists in terms of nature. In addition, although equity items are not included in these lists, Article 9 of the aforementioned Communiqué

Pursuant to paragraph (2), provided that there is no provision to the contrary and no determination is made in the Communiqué, equity items will be considered as “non-monetary assets” in the application of this Communiqué.

In this context, the capital completion fund transferred by the shareholders of the company, which is decided to complete the capital in accordance with Article 376 of the Turkish Commercial Code dated 13/1/2011 and numbered 6102, will be considered as a non-monetary asset and will be subject to adjustment.

On the other hand, based on the authorization given by subparagraph (8) of paragraph (A) of Article 298 of the duplicate Article (A) of the Law No. 213, the amounts that are outside the scope of Article 376 of the Law No. 6102 and followed in the capital reserves account as capital advances are considered as monetary assets and not subject to adjustment.


FOOTNOTES

4 The registration date will be taken into account for the capital increased due to profit reserves, and in our example, it is assumed that the capital increase is registered in August.

5 It is assumed that the capital decrease made on November 2018 is covered by the capital increase made in December 2017.

6 It is assumed that the capital decrease made on June 2023 is covered by the capital increase made in September 2021.



Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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Main employer is responsible together with the sub-employer for the obligations imposed on the employer by the SSI Law https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/main-employer-is-responsible-together-with-the-sub-employer-for-the-obligations-imposed-on-the-employer-by-the-ssi-law/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/main-employer-is-responsible-together-with-the-sub-employer-for-the-obligations-imposed-on-the-employer-by-the-ssi-law/#respond Wed, 21 Aug 2024 07:22:53 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=153738 Employer, employer’s representative, employer with whom temporary employment relationship is established and sub-employer

ARTICLE 12- Real or legal persons and institutions and organizations without legal personality who employ persons who are considered insured according to subparagraphs (a) and (c) of the first paragraph of Article 4 are employers.

The person who, on behalf of and on account of the employer, manages the work or the entire service is the employer’s representative. The term “employer” in this Law also includes the employer’s representative.

The employer’s representative and the employer with whom a temporary employment relationship is established as defined in the Labor Law No. 4857 are jointly and severally liable together with the employer for the obligations specified in this Law.

(Additional sentences: 15/7/2016-6728/46 Art.) In accordance with this Law, self-employed accountants, certified public accountants and sworn public accountants who are authorized with a written contract together with the employers are jointly and severally liable for the non-compliance of the withholding and premium service declaration to be sent to the Institution via internet, electronic and similar media with the books and records and the documents constituting the basis of these records. The procedures and principles regarding the implementation of this paragraph shall be regulated by a regulation issued by the Institution.

For those subject to subparagraph (a) of the second paragraph of Article 4 of Law No. 5510 (Former SSK), the obligations of employers specified in this Law shall be fulfilled by the labor unions and confederations or the employer employing them; for those subject to the fourth paragraph of Article 4, the obligations of employers specified in this Law shall be fulfilled by the public administrations employing them or the schools where they receive education.23

For those employed according to the Law on the Protection of Farmers’ Property dated 2/7/1941 and numbered 4081, the obligations of employers specified in this Law shall be fulfilled by the authority authorized to employ them.

The employer of the convicts and detainees employed in the facilities, workshops and similar units established within the penal execution institutions and detention houses shall be the Institution of Penal Execution Institutions and Detention Houses Labor Hostels, and the employer representatives shall be the responsible managers and supervisors of the Institution of Penal Execution Institutions and Detention Houses Labor Hostels.

A sub-employer is a third party who takes work from an employer in a work related to the production of goods or services or in parts or annexes of a work carried out in the workplace and employs insured persons assigned for this work.

Even if the insured persons are recruited and contracted through the intermediary of a third party, the main employer is liable together with the sub-employer for the obligations imposed on the employer by this Law.


Source: Social Security Law No. 5510
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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In Türkiye interest rate is decreased from 9% to 8.5% https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/in-turkiye-interest-rate-is-decreased-from-9-to-8-5/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/in-turkiye-interest-rate-is-decreased-from-9-to-8-5/#respond Fri, 24 Feb 2023 07:23:03 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=139148 The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has decided to reduce the policy rate (one-week repo auction rate) from 9 percent to 8.5 percent.

Although recently released data point to a stronger economic activity than anticipated, recession concerns in developed economies as a result of ongoing geopolitical risks and interest rate hikes continue. While the negative consequences of supply constraints in some sectors, particularly basic food, have been alleviated by the strategic solutions facilitated by Türkiye, the high level in producer and consumer inflation continues on an international scale. The effects of high global inflation on inflation expectations and international financial markets are closely monitored. The divergence in monetary policy steps and communications of central banks in advanced economies continue to increase due to their diverse economic outlook. It is observed that central banks continue their efforts to develop new supportive measures and tools to cope with the increasing uncertainties in financial markets. Additionally, financial markets have been adjusting their expectations that the central banks would end the rate hike cycles in the near term on the back of the recession risks.

Before the worst natural disaster of the last century, leading indicators have been pointing to a stronger domestic demand compared to foreign demand as well as an increase in the growth trend in the first quarter of 2023. The impact of the earthquake on production, consumption, employment and expectations is being extensively evaluated. While the earthquake is expected to affect economic activity in the near term, it is anticipated that it will not have a permanent impact on performance of the Turkish economy in the medium term. While share of sustainable components of economic growth increases, the stronger than expected contribution of tourism revenues to the current account balance continues throughout the year. On the other hand, domestic consumption demand, high level of energy prices and the weak economic activity in main trade partners keep the risks on current account balance alive. Sustainable current account balance is important for price stability. The rate of credit growth and allocation of funds for real economic activity purposes are closely monitored. As announced in the 2023 Monetary Policy and Liraization Strategy document, the Committee will continue to decisively use the tools supporting the effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism and the entire policy toolset, particularly funding channels, will be aligned with liraization targets. The Committee will prioritize the creation of supportive financial conditions in order to minimize the effects of the disaster and support the necessary recovery.

While level and underlying trend of inflation have been improved with the support of the implemented integrated policy approach, the effect of earthquake driven supply-demand imbalances on inflation is closely monitored. It has become even more important to keep financial conditions supportive to preserve the growth momentum in industrial production and the positive trend in employment after the earthquake. Accordingly, the Committee decided to reduce the policy rate by 50 basis. The Committee assessed that the current monetary policy stance after the measured reduction is adequate to support the necessary recovery in the aftermath of the earthquake by maintaining price stability and financial stability. The effects of the earthquake in the first half of 2023 will be closely monitored.

The CBRT will continue to use all available instruments decisively until strong indicators point to a permanent fall in inflation and the medium-term 5 percent target is achieved in pursuit of the primary objective of price stability. The CBRT will implement Liraization Strategy in order to create an institutional basis for permanent and sustainable price stability. Stability in the general price level will foster macroeconomic stability and financial stability through the fall in country risk premium, continuation of the reversal in currency substitution and the upward trend in foreign exchange reserves, and durable decline in financing costs. This would create a viable foundation for investment, production and employment to continue growing in a healthy and sustainable way.

The Committee will continue to take its decisions in a transparent, predictable and data-driven framework.


Source: Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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ÖKC TSM Merkezi (Trusted Service Manager – Güvenli Servis Sağlayıcı) Nedir? https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/okc-tsm-merkezi-trusted-service-manager-guvenli-servis-saglayici-nedir/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/okc-tsm-merkezi-trusted-service-manager-guvenli-servis-saglayici-nedir/#respond Wed, 23 Mar 2022 08:16:00 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=140556 YN ÖKC’lere yazılım-parametre yükleme, yazılım güncelleme, bu cihazları ve bu cihazlar ile birlikte veya üzerinde gerçekleştirilen kartlı işlemleri yönetme, cihazlar ile ilgili güvenli anahtar yönetimini gerçekleştirme, ön kontrol işlemlerini yapma, banka uygulaması yazılım ve parametrelerini cihaza yükleme, cihaz yaşam döngüsünü kontrol etme ve yönetme için kurulmuş terminal yönetim merkezidir.


Kaynak: GİB Yasal Uyarı: Bu içerikte yer alan bilgi, görsel, tablolar, açıklama, yorum, analiz ve bir bütün olarak içeriğin tamamı sadece genel bilgilendirme amacıyla verilmiştir. Kişi veya kuruma özel profesyonel bir bilgilendirme ve yönlendirmede bulunma amacı güdülmemiştir. Konu ile benzerlik gösterse de her işletmenin kendi özel şartları nedeniyle farklı durumları olabilir. Bu nedenle, bu yazıda belirtilen içerikte yola çıkarak işletmenizi etkileyecek herhangi bir karar alıp uygulamaya geçmeden önce, uzmanına danışmanız menfaatiniz gereğidir. Muhasebenews veya ilişkili olduğu kişi veya kurumlardan hiç biri, bu belgede yer alan bilgi, tablo, görsel, görüş ve diğer türdeki tüm içeriklerin özel veya resmi, gerçek veya tüzel kişi, kurum ve organizasyonlar tarafından kullanılması sonucunda ortaya çıkabilecek zarar veya ziyandan sorumlu değildir.


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Opsiyon Sözleşmesi Nedir? https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/opsiyon-sozlesmesi-nedir/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/opsiyon-sozlesmesi-nedir/#respond Wed, 23 Mar 2022 07:43:00 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=140540 Opsiyonu alan tarafa belirli bir vadede veya belirli bir vadeye kadar, önceden belirlenen fiyat, miktar ve nitelikte ekonomik veya finansal göstergeyi, sermaye piyasası aracını, malı, kıymetli madeni ve dövizi alma veya satma hakkı veren, satan tarafı ise yükümlü kılan sözleşmedir.


Kaynak: GİB Yasal Uyarı: Bu içerikte yer alan bilgi, görsel, tablolar, açıklama, yorum, analiz ve bir bütün olarak içeriğin tamamı sadece genel bilgilendirme amacıyla verilmiştir. Kişi veya kuruma özel profesyonel bir bilgilendirme ve yönlendirmede bulunma amacı güdülmemiştir. Konu ile benzerlik gösterse de her işletmenin kendi özel şartları nedeniyle farklı durumları olabilir. Bu nedenle, bu yazıda belirtilen içerikte yola çıkarak işletmenizi etkileyecek herhangi bir karar alıp uygulamaya geçmeden önce, uzmanına danışmanız menfaatiniz gereğidir. Muhasebenews veya ilişkili olduğu kişi veya kurumlardan hiç biri, bu belgede yer alan bilgi, tablo, görsel, görüş ve diğer türdeki tüm içeriklerin özel veya resmi, gerçek veya tüzel kişi, kurum ve organizasyonlar tarafından kullanılması sonucunda ortaya çıkabilecek zarar veya ziyandan sorumlu değildir.


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What is Turkey’s Economic Policy Response to Covid-19? https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/what-is-turkeys-economic-policy-response-to-covid-19/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/what-is-turkeys-economic-policy-response-to-covid-19/#respond Mon, 29 Jun 2020 12:00:05 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=87649 Covid-19, a new type of coronavirus first detected on December 12, 2019 in Wuhan, China, has caused a global pandemic. As of today, it has infected more than 8​​ million people around the globe, and it is spreading rapidly almost in all countries.
The Investment Office sends its heartfelt condolences to people who have lost their lives due to the pandemic, and wish a quick recovery for those infected.
Thanks to the great transformation Turkey has made in the fields of services and infrastructure during the past 17 years, Turkey is well prepared to face this pandemic.
Turkey has been managing the Covid-19 situation since its inception. Policymakers, regulators, and all economic authorities are vigilantly following the developments and are taking all necessary measures to reassure the markets.
ECONOMIC STABILITY SHIELD PROGRAM
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced a TRY 100 billion-Economic Stability Shield program on March 19. The package aims to secure employment, bolster the real sector, and address the prevailing concerns on liquidity and financing in the market.
  • Tax declaration, VAT discount, and social security payments for April, May, and June have been postponed for a period of 6 months in the following sectors: retail, iron & steel, automotive, logistics, transportation, cinema & theater, accommodation, food & beverage, textile, and event organization.
  • Accommodation tax will be delayed until November.
  • The easement rights and revenue share payments related to hotel rentals for April, May, and June have been postponed for a period of 6 months.
  • VAT has been lowered to 1% from 18% for a period of 3 months on domestic flights.
  • Principal and interest rate payments of companies having cash flow problems due to Covid​-19 outbreak precautions will be postponed for a minimum of 3 months. Additional financial support will be available if required.
  • Inventory financing support will be available for exporters in order to protect capacity utilization rates.
  • Principal and interest rate payments of artisans and craftsmen to Halkbank for April, May, and June will be postponed for a period of 3 months free of interest.
  • The Credit Guarantee Fund limit will be increased from TRY 25 billion to TRY 50 billion. Loan priority will be channeled to companies and SMEs that need liquidity and that are showing a collateral deficit due to the negative effects of recent developments.
  • Social credit packages will be incentivized under the most favorable and advantageous conditions for citizens.
  • The mortgageable amount for houses under TRY 500,000 will be raised from 80% to 90%, meaning the minimum down payment has been reduced to 10%.
  • Companies that default in April, May, or June due to the measures taken against the spread of the virus will have a “force majeure” note on their credit record.
  • Minimum wage support will continue.
  • Flexible and remote working models will be utilized to allow for operations to continue efficiently.
  • Short Work Allowance will be facilitated, and the processes required to benefit from this opportunity will be eased and accelerated. Thus, the cost of employers will be reduced, while temporary income support will be provided to employees in workplaces that suspend its activities.
  • The lowest pension wage will be increased to TRY 1,500.
  • The Eid payment for the retired will be paid at the beginning of April.
  • The Ministry of Family, Labor, and Social Services will provide financial support of TRY 2 billion for needy families.
  • The 2-month compensation working period will be increased to 4 months to provide sustainability in employment.
  • Follow-up programs including social services and periodical homecare visits will be initiated for the elderly who are above 80 years old and live alone.
  • The maturities for repayments of rediscount credits, which will be due from April 2020 to June 2020, will be extended to October 2020 to December 2020, and the maximum maturity has been extended by 1 year. An additional 12 month-export commitment fulfillment time has been offered for the rediscount credits maturing in April, May, and June 2020.

Source: Investment Office of Republic of Turkey / Link: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/Pages/covid19-updates-support.aspx
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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Q&A and Summary Table about e-Archive Invoice Obligation https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/qa-and-summary-table-about-e-archive-invoice-obligation/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/qa-and-summary-table-about-e-archive-invoice-obligation/#respond Fri, 15 Nov 2019 09:00:21 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=70916 Q&A and Summary Table about e-Archive Invoice Obligation

1- What is an invoice? How many copies are issued?

According to the provisions of the Law, the invoice is issued in at least two copies in paper and the first copy (original) is given to the customer and the second copy is the document kept in paper by the taxpayers according to the preservation and submission provisions of the same Law.

2- Will the e-Archive invoice be issued to the customer by e-mail or as printout?

Taxpayers (or non-taxpayers) who have been granted permission to be included in the e-Archive invoice application by the Revenue Administration with the Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law  (Official Gazette dated 19.10.2019, numbered 30923) generate invoices online to be issued to users who are NOT registered to e-Invoice application, as e-Archive Invoice. Upon the request of the recipient, it forwards E-Archive Invoice in paper or electronic form and keeps and presents the copy of the issuer online.

3- What is the criterion for the separation of the original and copy of the e-Archive Invoice?

The e-Archive invoice, which is generated in electronic form and is sent to recipient (customer) as printout or in electronic form, is the original of the invoice, and electronic version of the invoice kept by the person (supplier) who issued, is duplicate.

4- Which type of documents will taxpayers of e-Archive Invoice issue to taxpayers of e-INVOICE?

The taxpayers registered to the e-Archive Invoice application are obliged to issue the invoice as e-INVOICE in the sales of goods and services performed to the taxpayers registered to the e-INVOICE application and to issue as e-Archive Invoice in the sales of goods and services performed to the taxpayers who are not registered to the e-INVOICE application and to the non-taxpayers.

5- When will the OBLIGATION of e-Archive Invoice application START for the taxpayers registered to e-INVOICE application?

Taxpayers who ARE OBLIGED TO be included in the e-INVOICE application and taxpayers who have registered to e-INVOICE application WILLFULLY (except for the taxpayers issuing other documents  standing for invoices as required by their activities) until the publication of the Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law  (Official Gazette dated 19.10.2019 and numbered 30923) until January 1, 2020, have to register to the e-Archive INVOICE.

6- Are intermediary service providers, persons publishing announcements on the internet and intermediary internet advertising service obliged to register to e-Archive Invoice?

– Real or legal person intermediary service providers who provide electronic commerce environment for the realization of the economic and commercial activities of other companies defined in the Law on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce on the internet for the purchase, sale, rental or distribution of goods and services; owners or operators of websites that publish advertisements for the sale or rental of motor vehicles, and intermediary internet advertisers engaged in the publication of advertisements on the internet are obliged to complete their applications and preparations for the actual transition to E-Archive Invoice application until January 1, 2020 (the taxpayers who will start to engage in the works mentioned in this paragraph starting from 2020 and subsequent accounting periods within 3 months from the commencement date).

In this way, the invoices to be issued by the intermediary service providers, intermediary internet advertisers and publishers on the internet as from the specified dates, must be issued as e-INVOICE or e-Archive Invoice EXCEPT FROM the cases specified in the “V.7.” And “VIII.” sections of the Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law .

7- Pay attention to the invoice limits of TRY Five Thousand and TRY Thirty Thousand!

If the total amount of invoices issued by taxpayers who do not register to e-Archive Invoice application, as from January 1, 2020 exceeds TRY 30.000 INCLUDING TAXES (VAT + Special Consumption Tax and other) (total amount of invoices to be issued for taxpayers exceeds TRY 5.000 INCLUDING TAXES), they must be issued as an e-Archive Invoice through the e-DOCUMENT portal presented by the Revenue Administration, except from the cases specified in the “V.7.” And “VIII.” sections of the Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law.

In the event that the invoices are issued or received as paper instead of e-Archive Invoice, the penal clause stipulated in Article 353 of the Tax Procedure Law shall be applied separately for each paper invoice issued or received for the receiver having tax liability other than the person issued invoice or final consumer, except from the cases specified in the “V.7.” And “VIII.” sections of the Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law.

8- If both parties are taxpayers of e-INVOICE, e-INVOICE will be issued.

If both the seller and the recipient are registered users in the e-INVOICE application, all invoices issued between them must be e-INVOICE.

9- Will invoices issued to the same people on the same day be evaluated collectively?

Invoices issued to the same people on the same day will be evaluated collectively and if the total amount of the invoices including tax exceeds the specified amount, the invoices must be issued and received as e-Archive Invoice.

10- Obligation can be imposed with the initiative of Revenue Administration

The Revenue Administration is entitled to impose obligation to the taxpayers or taxpayer groups which are determined by Revenue Administration that their compliance rate to tax is risky or low, as a result of analysis and examinations, by submitting a written notification and giving at least 3 months for transition preparations, without considering their activity, sector and turnovers.

11- Points related to e-Archive Invoices to be issued within the scope of e-Commerce

Those who are registered to the e-Archive Invoice application and SELL GOODS AND SERVICES OVER THE INTERNET are obliged to submit e-Archive Invoices regarding their sales in electronic environment. In these sales, e-Archive Invoice printout, Cash Register Devices’ invoice, information receipt or delivery note must be submitted with the goods.

12- What is the required information that must be in e-Archive Invoice issued for e-Commerce?

The following information must be included in the e-Archive Invoices to be issued by the taxpayers registered to the e-Archive Invoice application regarding the sale of goods and services within the scope of electronic commerce and the statement of “This sale has been made through the internet.” must be included on the invoice.

1- Web address where the sale has been made

2- Payment method

3- Payment date

4- Name-surname, title and Tax Identification Number/Republic of Turkey ID Number of the shipper of goods

5- The date when the goods to be sold are sent or the service is carried out

6- In the return section: there must be name, surname, address, signature of the person who returned the goods and also type, amount, unit price and amount of the returned goods

13- What should the buyer do, if s/he wants to return goods sold under e-Commerce?

If the customer wants to return the goods, s/he takes printout of the invoice delivered to her/him electronically and sends it back to the seller along with the goods by filling and signing the “return section” of the invoice. This document, which is sent back to the seller, replaces the note of expenses issued by the seller.

14- Is printout necessary for e-INVOICE sales made within the scope of e-Commerce?

Those who is registered to e-Archive Invoice and sell goods through internet to users registered to e-Invoice application, will include the above-mentioned information in the e-INVOICE, except the 6th article. In such sales made by the taxpayers, e-INVOICE printout replacing waybill, Cash Register Devices’ invoice, information receipt or delivery note must be submitted with the goods.

14- What is the PENALTY not to apply e-Archive Invoice?

The penal provisions stipulated in the law shall apply to the taxpayers who do not register to the e-Archive Invoice application within the certain period even though there is obligation, and the taxpayers (including those who issue and receive paper invoices and are specified in subparagraph 1 and 5, paragraph 1, Article 232 of Tax Procedure Law), who do not issue and receive the invoice as e-Archive Invoice except from the cases specified in the “V.7.” And “VIII.” sections of the Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law.

SUMMARY TABLE

Application Taxpayer Groups included in the Scope Obligation Date
 

 

e-Invoice

Taxpayers with gross sales revenue of TRY 5 Million (or gross revenue from sales) or more in 2018 or subsequent accounting periods  

 

01.07.2020

 

 

e-Invoice

Taxpayers obtaining license (including dealership license) from Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) for their activities such as manufacturing, import, delivery, etc. of the goods in the Special Consumption Tax I  

 

01.07.2020

 

e-Invoice

Manufacture, construct and/or import of goods in the list (III) attached to the Law on Special Consumption Tax  

01.07.2020

 

 

e-Invoice

Internet advertising service intermediaries that act as intermediaries for the purchase, sale, rental or distribution of goods or services  

 

01.01.2020

 

 

 

e-Invoice

Taxpayers engaged in the trade of vegetables and fruits as brokers or merchants, pursuant to the provisions of the Law on the Regulation of the Trade of Vegetables and Fruits and Other Goods with Sufficient Depth of Supply and Demand  

 

 

01.01.2020

e-Archive Invoice Taxpayers already registered to e-Invoice Application 01.01.2020
 

 

e-Archive Invoice

Obligation to register in e-Archive Invoice Application for Intermediary Service Providers, Publisher on Internet and Intermediary Internet Advertisers  

 

01.01.2020

 

 

e-Archive Invoice

Other Invoices that are required to be issued as e-Archive Invoices (TRY 5,000 for taxpayers, TRY 30,000 and above for final consumers)  

 

01.01.2020

 

 

e-Waybill

Taxpayers obtaining license (including dealership license) from Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) for their activities such as manufacturing, import, delivery, etc. of the goods in the Special Consumption Tax I  

 

01.07.2020

 

e-Waybill

Manufacture, construct and/or import of goods in the list (III) attached to the Law on Special Consumption Tax  

01.07.2020

 

 

e-Waybill

Holders of operating license/certificate issued under the Mining Law and natural and legal person taxpayers engaged in mining production regarding the contract concluded with the holders of operating license/certificate  

 

 

01.07.2020

 

e-Waybill

The taxpayers engaged in the production of sugar, which is defined in paragraph (e) of Article 2 of the Sugar Law.  

01.07.2020

 

 

e-Waybill

The taxpayers registered to the e-Invoice application, engaged in the production, import or export of iron and steel (GTİP 72) and iron or steel goods (GTİP 73)  

 

01.07.2020

 

 

e-Waybill

Users registered to the Fertilizer Tracking System established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to record production and consumption of fertilizer.  

 

01.07.2020

 

 

e-Waybill

Taxpayers registered to e-Invoice application and its gross sales revenue (or sales and gross business revenue) of 2018 or subsequent accounting periods are TRY 25 Million and above  

 

01.07.2020

 

 

 

e-Waybill

Taxpayers engaged in the trade of vegetables and fruits as brokers or merchants, pursuant to the provisions of the Law on the Regulation of the Trade of Vegetables and Fruits and Other Goods with Sufficient Depth of Supply and Demand  

 

 

01.01.2020

e-Self-Employed Invoice Self-employed persons who are not exempt from tax 01.06.2020

 

e-Producer Receipt Taxpayers who are required to register to the e-Invoice application, and are obliged to issue a producer receipt as required for their activities as well  

 

01.07.2020

 

 

e- e-Producer Receipt

Taxpayers engaged in the trade of vegetables and fruits as brokers or merchants, pursuant to the provisions of the Law on the Regulation of the Trade of Vegetables and Fruits and Other Goods with Sufficient Depth of Supply and Demand  

 

 

01.01.2020

e-Ticket Taxpayers engaged in Road and Maritime Passenger Transportation 01.01.2021
e-Ticket Cinema Business 01.07.2020

 

by Ali KARAKUŞ

Istanbul, November 11, 2019


Sources: 1- Communique No. 509 of Tax Procedure Law No. 213 – Official Gazette dated 19.10.2019 and numbered 30923
2- Articles 229, 230, 231, 232, 242, 353 of Tax Procedure Law No. 213
3- e-Document portal of Revenue Administration of the Republic of Turkey
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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How are the dividends obtained from foreign subsidiaries taxed? (In Turkey) https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/how-are-the-dividends-obtained-from-foreign-subsidiaries-taxed-in-turkey/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/how-are-the-dividends-obtained-from-foreign-subsidiaries-taxed-in-turkey/#respond Mon, 07 Oct 2019 08:00:07 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=68429 How are the dividends obtained from foreign subsidiaries taxed? (In Turkey)

Will the accounting record, corporation and provisional tax declarations and tax related to the income be paid in respect of the dividends obtained from the foreign subsidiaries deposited in bank accounts?

The dividends obtained are stated in Account No.640.

It is included in the profit for the period calculated for the provisional tax in the period in which it is recorded.

If there are conditions for affiliation privilege, an exemption is applied in the provisional tax return.

For detail information please review the special notice in the following link:

https://www.gib.gov.tr/node/89908


Source: İSMMMO
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.


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Yuri Alekseyeviç Gagarin Kimdir? https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/yuri-alekseyevic-gagarin-kimdir/ https://www.muhasebenews.com/en/yuri-alekseyevic-gagarin-kimdir/#respond Wed, 27 Mar 2019 15:45:28 +0000 https://www.muhasebenews.com/?p=52698 Yuri Alekseyeviç Gagarin

Gagarin in Sweden.jpg(9 Mart 1934 – 27 Mart 1968), Sovyetler Birliği pilotu ve kozmonutudur. Yuri Gagarin 12 Nisan 1961’de Vostok uzay aracıyla uzaya çıkarak Dünya yörüngesinde turunu tamamladı. Böylece uzaya çıkan ilk insan olmayı başarmış oldu ve bu başarısıyla birlikte uzay çağını başlattı.
Gagarin, uluslararası bir ün kazandı ve ülkenin en büyük onuru olan Sovyetler Birliği Kahramanlığı dahil pek çok madalya ve unvan ödülüne layık görüldü. Vostok 1, Gagarin’in tek uzay yolculuğuydu ancak Soyuz 1 görevinde yedek mürettebat olarak (ölümcül bir kazayla sona erdi) görev yaptı. Gagarin, daha sonra Moskova dışında bulunan Kozmonot Eğitim Merkezi’nin antrenör yardımcısı oldu. Gagarin, pilotluk yaptığı MiG-15 eğitim jetinin çöküşüyle 1968’de öldü. Onuruna Yuri Gagarin Madalyası verildi.

Yuri Gagarin 9 Mart 1934’te Gzhatsk yakınlarındaki Klushino köyünde (ölümünden sonra 1968’de Gagarin olarak adlandırılmıştır) doğmuştur. Ebeveynleri kolektif bir çiftlikte çalışıyordu: Aleksey İvanoviç Gagarin, marangoz ve tuğla yapıcı, Anna Timofeyevna Gagarin ise bir sütçü olarak çalışıyordu. Yuri ailenin dört çocuğundan üçüncüsüydü: diğerleri büyük kardeş Valentin, ablası Zoya, ve küçük kardeşi Boris.

Gagarin ailesi Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki milyonlarca insan gibi 2. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Nazi işgali sırasında acı dolu zamanlar geçirdi. Klushino, Kasım 1941’de Moskova’da Alman ihtilali sırasında işgal edildi ve bir görevli Gagarin ikametgâhını devraldı. Ailenin evinin arkasındaki arazide yaklaşık 3 x 3 metre (10 x 10 ft) arasında bir çamur kulübesi inşa etmesine izin verildi, burada işgal bitene kadar bir yıl ve dokuz ay geçirdiler. İki büyük kardeşi 1943’te Almanlar tarafından köle alınarak Polonya’ya gönderildi ve 1945 savaşına kadar geri dönmedi. Aile 1946’da Gzhatsk’a taşındı ve Gagarin ortaokul eğitimine burada devam etti.

Sovyetler Uzay Programı

Gagarin 1955’te teknik okuldan mezun olduktan sonra, Sovyet Ordusuna girmeye hazırlanıyordu. Bir öneri üzerine, Gagarin, Orenburg’daki İlk Chkalov Hava Kuvvetleri Pilot Okulu’na gönderildi ve 1957’de MiG-15’i tek başına kullandı. Buradayken Orenburg Tıp Fakültesi’nden tıp teknisyeni mezunu Valentina Ivanovna Goryacheva ile tanıştı. Gagarin Orenburg’tan mezun olduğu aynı gün 7 Kasım 1957’de evlendi.

Mezuniyet sonrası, korkunç havanın uçmayı riskli hale getirdiği Norveç sınırına yakın Murmansk Oblast’taki Luostari hava üssüne atandı. 5 Kasım 1957’de Sovyet Hava Kuvvetleri’nde Teğmen oldu; 6 Kasım 1959’da Kıdemli Teğmen rütbesine yükseldi.

Uzay Programı Seçimi ve Eğitimi

1960’ta, yoğun araştırma ve eleme sürecinden geçtikten sonra Yuri Gagarin, 19 pilotla Sovyet uzay programı için seçildi. Gagarin, Vostok programının ilk kozmonotlarının seçileceği Soçi Altı adlı seçkin bir eğitim grubu için seçildi. Gagarin ve diğer muhtemel adaylar, fiziksel ve psikolojik dayanıklılığı test etmek için tasarlanmış deneylere tabi tutuldu; yaklaşmakta olan uçuş için de eğitim gördü. Seçilen yirmi kişiden ilk fırlatma için nihai olarak seçilenler eğitim oturumları sırasındaki performansları ve fiziksel özellikleri nedeniyle Gagarin ve Gherman Titov idi – küçük Vostok kokpitinde alan sınırlıydı ve her iki adam da oldukça kısa idi. Gagarin 1.57 metre boyunda idi.

Ağustos 1960’ta, Gagarin 20 olası aday arasından biriyken, bir Sovyet Hava Kuvvetleri doktoru kişiliğini şu şekilde değerlendirdi:

Mütevazı; mizahı müstehcenleştiğinde utandırıyor; zekasının ileri derecede gelişmiş olduğu belli; hafızası harika; Çevresine karşı keskin ve çok yönlü dikkati onu meslektaşlarından ayırıyor; hayal gücü iyi gelişmiş; tepkileri hızlı; azimli, faaliyetleri ve eğitim egzersizleri için kendisini özenle hazırlıyor ,gök mekaniği ve matematiğinin üstesinden kolaylıkla geliyor ve yüksek matematikle başarılı; Kendini haklı görürse bakış açısını savunmak zorunda kaldığında kısıtlı hissetmiyor ; Hayatın değerini bir çok arkadaşından daha iyi anladığını gösteriyor.

Gagarin de akranları tarafından tercih edilen bir adaydı. 20 adaydan, uçuşta ilk hangi adayı görmek istedikleri ile isimsiz olarak oy vermeleri istendiğinde, üç kişi dışında herkes Gagarin’i seçti. Bu adaylardan biri olan Yevgeny Khrunov, Gagarin’in çok odaklı olduğuna ve kendisinin ve başkalarının gerektiğinde yardımına ihtiyaç duyduğuna inandı. Gagarin, yaşamı boyunca fiziksel olarak uygun bir halde kaldı ve keskin bir sporcuydu.
Kozmonot Valery Bykovsky şunu yazdı:

Hava Kuvvetleri’ndeki hizmet bizi fiziksel ve ahlaki açıdan güçlü yaptı. Hava Kuvvetlerinde görev yaparken biz kozmonotlar spor ve fiziksel eğitimi ciddiye aldık. Yuri Gagarin’in buz hokeyi düşkünlüğünü biliyorum. Kaleci olarak oynamaktan hoşlandı…
Sporun kozmonotların hayatında bir demirbaş haline geldiğini söylerken yanıldığımı sanmıyorum.
Keskin bir buz hokeyi oyuncusu olmanın yanı sıra, Gagarin basketbol sever oldu ve Saratov Endüstriyel Teknik Okul ekibinde koçluk yaparken hakem oldu.

Vostok 1

12 Nisan 1961’de, Gagarin’in gemisi Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) uzay aracı, Baikonur Cosmodrome’dan fırlatıldı. Böylece Gagarin hem dünya yörüngesinde gezen, hem de uzaya çıkan ilk insan oldu. Çağrı işareti Kedr’dü (Rusça: Kafta, Sibirya çamı veya Sedir).

Lansman kontrol odası ile Gagarin arasındaki radyo iletişimi, roket fırlatıldığında şu diyaloğu içeriyordu:
Korolev: “Ön aşama ….. orta ….. ana ….. kalkış! İyi bir uçuş dileriz, her şey yolunda”
Gagarin: “Поехали!” (Poyekhali! -Hadi gidelim!).

Poyekhali! Insanlık tarihinde Uzay Çağı’nın başlangıcına atıfta bulunan, Doğu Bloku’nda tarihi bir ifade haline geldi. Uçuş sonrası raporunda Gagarin, uzaydaki ilk insan olma konusundaki uzay uçuş deneyimini şöyle ifade etti:
Ağırlıksız olma duygusu, Dünya koşullarına kıyasla biraz yabancıydı. Burada, sanki kayışlarda yatay bir konumda asılıyormuşsunuz gibi hissediyorsunuz. Sanki askıya alınmış gibi hissediyorsunuz.

Aile Hayatı

1957’de Orenburg’daki İlk Chkalov Hava Kuvvetleri Pilot Okulu’ndayken, Gagarin, Orenburg Tıp Fakültesi’nden tıp teknisyeni mezunu Valentina Ivanovna Goryacheva ile tanıştı. Gagarin Orenburg’tan mezun olduğu gün, 7 kasım 1957’de evlendi ve iki kızı var.

Yelena Yurievna Gagarina, 2001 yılından beri Moskova Kremlin Müzeleri Genel Müdürü olarak çalışan Sanat Tarihçisidir.

Galina Yurievna Gagarina, Ekonomi Profesörü ve Plehanov Moskova Rusya Ekonomi Üniversitesi’nde Bölüm Başkanıdır.

Sovyetler Uzay Programı Sonrası

Brezilya Cumhurbaşkanı Jânio Quadros Gagarin ile birlikte, 1961.

Gagarin’in uçuşu Sovyet uzay programı için bir zaferdi. Sovyet radyosundaki duyuru, Büyük Yurtseverlik Savaşı’ndaki tüm önemli olayları duyuran Yuri Levitan tarafından yapıldı. Gagarin, Sovyetler Birliği ve Doğu Bloğu’nun ulusal bir kahramanı ve dünya çapında ün sahibi bir kişi oldu. Dünyadaki gazeteler biyografisini ve uçuşunun ayrıntılarını yayınladılar. Moskova ve SSCB’deki diğer şehirler, Dünya Savaşı Zaferi Geçitleri’ne yalnızca ikinci sırada olan kitlesel gösteriler düzenledi. Gagarin, Moskova sokaklarında yüksek rütbeli yetkililerin uzunca bir motoskosunda Kremlin’e eşlik edilerek zengin bir törende Nikita Kruşçev tarafından Sovyetler Birliği Kahramanı unvanı aldı.

Daha sonra Gagarin yurtdışında çok gezdi. Sovyetler Birliği’nin ilk insanı uzaya göndermeyi başarması ile İtalya, Almanya, Kanada, Brezilya, Japonya, Mısır  ve Finlandiya’yı ziyaret etti. Vostok 1 görevinden üç ay sonra Londra ve Manchester’a giderken Birleşik Krallık’ı ziyaret etti.

1962’de Sovyetler Birliğine yardım görevine başladı ve Genç Komünist Ligi’nin Merkez Komitesine seçildi. Daha sonra, kozmonot tesisi olan Star City’e geri döndü ve birkaç yıl boyunca yeniden kullanılabilir uzay aracı tasarımları üzerine çalıştı. 12 Haziran 1962’de Sovyet Hava Kuvvetleri’nin bir albayı haline geldi ve 6 Kasım 1963’te albay rütbesindeydi. Sovyet yetkilileri, bir kazada kahramanlarını kaybetmekten endişe ederek onu herhangi bir uçuştan uzak tutmaya çalıştı. Gagarin, ek güvenlik önlemlerinin gerekli olduğunu protestolarına rağmen Soyuz 1 uçuşunda arkadaşı Vladimir Komarov için yedek pilot oldu. Komarov’un uçuşu ölümcül bir kazada sona erdiğinde, Gagarin daha da uzay uçuşu eğitimi alması ve bu uzay uçuşlarına katılması daimi olarak yasaklandı.

20 Aralık 1963’te Gagarin, Star City kozmonot eğitim üssünün Eğitim Müdür Yardımcılığına getirildi. İki yıl sonra, SSSU’ya milletvekili olarak tekrar seçildi ancak bu sefer Milliyetler Sovyeti’ne geldi. Gelecek yıl bir savaş pilotu olarak yeniden nitelik kazanmaya başladı. 17 Şubat 1968’de uçan renklerle geçen uzay-düzlemi aerodinamik konsepti üzerine uzay mühendisliği tezini başarıyla savundu.

Ölümü

1962’de kozmonot yetiştirme merkezinde çalışmaya başladı. Kurumun antrenör vekili olma sürecinde, Gagarin’in savaş uçağı pilotu olmaya yeniden hak kazanması gerekiyordu. 27 Mart 1968’de MiG-15 model uçağıyla rutin bir deneme sürüşü sırasında eğitmeniyle birlikte hayatını kaybetti. Kazaya neyin sebep olduğu bilinemedi. 1968 yılında bir soruşturmada Su-11 model bir uçağın yol açtığı türbülansın kazaya yol açtığı söylendi. Aynı zamanda hava koşulları da kötüydü. Başka bir söylenti de Gagarin`in sarhoş olduğudur. Ama uçuştan önce iki testten geçti ve yapılan araştırmalarda alkol veya uyuşturucu izine rastlanmadı. Kaza olmadan biraz önce, Gagarin’in roketin mühendislerine küfrettiği söylenir. Yeni bir teori de pilot kabininin yanlışlıkla açıldığı ve bir anda güçlenen hava dolaşımı yüzünden Gagarin’in uçağın kontrolünü kaybettiğidir. Aslında 2 saniye kadar daha zamanı olsaydı uçağı kontrol edebileceği söyleniyor. Bir diğer iddiaya göre ise, Gagarin’in dönemin Sovyetler lideri olan ve onun popüleritesinden korkan Leonid Brejnev’in isteği doğrultusunda öldürüldüğü söylenmektedir. Gagarin son derece popülerdi ve dönemin yazarlarına göre politikaya atılması halinde de başarılı olması muhtemeldi. Kendisi de politikaya sıcak bakıyordu.

Yuri Gagarin’in ölümü sonrası vücudu yakıldı ve külleri Moskova’daki Kızıl Meydan’da Kremlin Duvarı Mezarlığına gömüldü.

Kaza

Gagarin’i öldüren çarpışmanın nedeni tamamen kesin değildir ve gelecek on yılda komplo teorileri hakkında spekülasyona tabi tutulmuştur.

Mart 2003’te sınıflandırılmamış olan Sovyet belgeleri, KGB’nin bir hükümet ve iki askeri soruşturmanın yanı sıra kaza hakkındaki kendi soruşturmasını yürüttüğünü gösteriyor. KGB raporunda, çeşitli komplo teorilerini reddetti; havaalanı personeli olaylarının kazaya katkıda bulunduğunu belirtti. Raporda, hava trafik kontrolörünün Gagarin’e güncel hava durumu bilgisi sağladığı ve uçuş zamanına göre koşulların belirgin biçimde bozulduğu belirtiliyor. Uçak mürettebatı ayrıca uçaklara bağlı harici yakıt tanklarından ayrıldı. Gagarin’in planladığı uçuş faaliyetleri, açık hava koşullarına ve dış tanklara ihtiyaç duymadı. Soruşturma, Gagarin’in uçağının ya bir kuş vuruşu nedeniyle ya da başka bir uçaktan kaçınmak için ani bir hareketi nedeniyle bir dönüşe girdiği sonucuna vardı. Mürettebat, güncel hava raporundan dolayı irtifalarının gerçekte olduğundan daha yüksek olduğuna inanıyor ve MiG-15’i devrinden çıkarmak için doğru tepki veremedi.

2005 yılında orijinal çarpışma araştırmacısı tarafından geliştirilen bir başka teori, kabin hava deliğinin kazara ekip veya bir önceki pilot tarafından açık bırakıldığını varsayarak oksijen yoksunluğuna ve mürettebatın uçakları kontrol edemediğine işaret ediyor. Air & Space dergisinde yayınlanan benzer bir teori mürettebatın açık havayı tespit ettiğini ve daha düşük bir rakıma hızlı bir dalış yaparak prosedürü izlediği yönündedir. Bu dalış bilinçlerini kaybetmelerine ve çarpmalarına neden oldu.

12 Nisan 2007’de Kremlin, Gagarin’in ölümüyle ilgili yeni bir soruşturmayı veto etti. Hükümet yetkilileri, yeni bir soruşturma başlatmak için hiçbir neden görmediklerini söyledi.

Nisan 2011’de, Komünist Parti Merkez Komitesi tarafından kazanın araştırılması için kurulan 1968 tarihli bir komisyonun belgeleri gizlilik dışına çıktı.

O belgeler komisyonun orijinal sonucunun Gagarin veya Sergoyin‘in hava balonundan ya da “bulut örtüsünün ilk katmanının üst sınırına girmekten” kaçınmak için yaptığı keskin manevra -ki bu jetin “süper kritik bir uçuş rejimine girmesine ve karmaşık hava şartlarında durmasına” yol açar- olduğunu ortaya çıkardı.

1968’deki ölümün araştırılması için kurulan bir Devlet Komisyonu üyesi olan Aleksey Leonov, 2004’te yayınlanan Ayın İki Yüzü kitabında, “Uzakta iki yüksek sesli patlama” duyduğunda aynı alanda helikopterle uçtuğunu anlatıyor. Diğer teorileri destekler nitelikte vardığı sonuç bir Sukhoi jetinin -ki kendisi Su-15 Flagon olarak tanımlıyor- izin verilen minimum irtifanın altında uçması ve “korkunç hava koşullarından dolayı farkında olmadan, ses bariyerini kırarken Yuri ve Seregin’in uçağının 10 ya da 20 metre yakınından geçtiğiydi.” Ortaya çıkan türbülans, MiG’yi kontrol dışı bir dönüşe yönlendirdi. Leonov, duyduğu ilk patlamanın ses bariyerini kıran jet olduğuna, ikincisinin ise Gagarin’in uçak çarpışması olduğuna inanmaktadır. Haziran 2013’te Rus televizyonu RT ile yapılan röportajda Leonov, olayla ilgili gizli olmayan bir raporda bölgede uçan ikinci bir “yetkisiz” Su-15’in varlığının ortaya çıktığını belirtti.

Leonov bu uçakların afterburners’ları kullanırken 450 metreye indiğini ve, “uçağın Gagarin’e yaklaşarak, bulutların içinde saatte 750 kilometre hızla kuyruğunu çevirerek -derin bir spiral, kesin olmak gerekirse-, 10-15 metre mesafeden kademesini azalttığını açıkladı. Ancak Leonov -raporun görüşülmesine izin verilmesi şartıyla- 2013 yılı itibarıyla 80 yaşındave sağlıksız olduğu rapor edilen diğer pilotun adını açıklamadı.

Şeref ve Ödüller
  • Jubilee Madalyası “SSCB Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin 40 Yılı” (SSCB, 1958)
  • Sovyetler Birliği kahramanı (14 Nisan 1961)
  • Lenin Düzeni (SSCB, 14 Nisan 1961)
  • Sosyalist İşçi Kahramanı (Çekoslovak Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, 29 Nisan 1961)
  • Sosyalist İşçi Kahramanı, (Bulgaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti, 24 Mayıs 1961)
  • Georgi Dimitrov’un emri (Bulgaristan, 24 Mayıs 1961)
  • Yıldız Siparişi, 2. Sınıf (Endonezya, 10 Haziran 1961)
  • Grunwald Haçı, 1. sınıf (Polonya, 20 Haziran 1961)
  • SSCB Pilot Kozmonotu (27 Haziran 1961)
  • Playa Girón Düzeni’nin ilk komutanı (Küba, 18 Temmuz 1961)
  • “Havacılıkta başarılar için” (Brezilya, 2 Ağustos 1961)
  • Güney Haçının Siparişi (Brezilya, 3 Ağustos 1961) [67]
  • Macaristan Bayrağı Düzeni, 1. sınıf elmaslı (Macaristan, 21 Ağustos 1961)
  • SSCB Sporunun Onur Ustası (1961, unvan, bir uzay uçuşu için ödül olarak elde edildi)
  • 1. Sınıf Askeri Pilot (1961, uzay uçuşu niteliğini kazandı)
  • İngiliz İnterpolerators Cemiyeti Altın Madalyası, 1961
  • Fahri suvorovets (Moskova Suvorov Askeri Okulu, 1962)
  • Nil Düzeni (Mısır, 31 Ocak 1962)
  • Afrika Yıldızı Emri (Liberya, 6 Şubat 1962)
  • İş Kahramanı, (Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, 28 Nisan 1962)
  • Avusturya Hükümetinin Altın Madalyası, 1962
  • Sovyet-Küba dostluk toplumunun onursal başkanı
  • Topluluğun Onursal Üyesi, “Finlandiya-Sovyetler Birliği”
  • Karl Marx’ın Siparişi (Alman Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, 22 Ekim 1963)
  • Jubilee Madalyası “Büyük Yurtsever Savaşta Yirmi Yıl Zafer 1941-1945” (SSCB, 9 Mayıs 1965)
  • “Kusursuz Hizmet için” madalyası, 3. sınıf (Sovyetler Birliği, Mart 1966)
  • Uluslararası Astronotik Akademisi Onursal Üyesi (1966)
  • Klement Gottwald (Çekoslovak Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti) Emri
  • Jubilee Madalyası “SSCB Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin 50 Yılı” (SSCB, Ocak 1968)
  • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Altın Madalyası “gezegenlerarası iletişim alanında olağanüstü çalışma” (USSR)
  • De Lavaux madalyası (FAI)
  • Altın Madalya ve Diploma “Uzaydaki Adam”, İtalyan Uzay Birliği
  • Altın Madalya “Üstün farklar için” ve Royal Aero Club Diploma, İsveç
  • Madalyon Columbus (İtalya)
  • Saint-Denis Altın Madalyası (Fransa)
  • Fund Matstsotti’nin (İtalya) “cesareti” altın madalya ödülü, 2007 ve diğerleri.
   Yuri Gagarin aşağıdaki illerin fahri vatandaşı seçildi:
  • SSCB: Kaluga, Novozybkov, Klintsy, Novocherkassk, Lyubertsy, Sumqayit (bugünkü Azerbaycan’da), Smolensk, Vinnytsia (günümüzde Ukrayna’da), Sivastopol (Kırım’da), Saratov, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Tyumen
  • Rusya: Orenburg
  • Bulgaristan: Sofya, Pernik, Plovdiv
  • Yunanistan: Atina
  • Kıbrıs: Mağusa, Limasol
  • Fransa: Saint-Denis
  • Çekoslovakya: Trenčianske Teplice

Ayrıca Mısır şehirleri Kahire ve İskenderiye’nin kapılarının altın anahtarlarıyla ödüllendirildi.

 


Kaynak: Vikipedia
Yasal Uyarı: Bu içerikte yer alan bilgi, görsel, tablolar, açıklama, yorum, analiz ve bir bütün olarak içeriğin tamamı sadece genel bilgilendirme amacıyla verilmiştir. Kişi veya kuruma özel profesyonel bir bilgilendirme ve yönlendirmede bulunma amacı güdülmemiştir. Konu ile benzerlik gösterse de her işletmenin kendi özel şartları nedeniyle farklı durumları olabilir. Bu nedenle, bu yazıda belirtilen içerikte yola çıkarak işletmenizi etkileyecek herhangi bir karar alıp uygulamaya geçmeden önce, uzmanına danışmanız menfaatiniz gereğidir. Muhasebenews veya ilişkili olduğu kişi veya kurumlardan hiç biri, bu belgede yer alan bilgi, tablo, görsel, görüş ve diğer türdeki tüm içeriklerin özel veya resmi, gerçek veya tüzel kişi, kurum ve organizasyonlar tarafından kullanılması sonucunda ortaya çıkabilecek zarar veya ziyandan sorumlu değildir.


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